Nigeria Property Centre

Property in Lekki, Lagos

There are 56,354 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale and rent in Lekki as of 10 Aug 2026, with an average price of ₦330M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Neighbourhoods
1st Roundabout 2nd Roundabout 2nd Toll Gate Admiralty Homes Estate Admiralty Road Ajiran Road Alma Beach Estate Alperton Estate Alpha Beach Alpha Beach Estate Alpha Beach Road Arcadia Grove Estate Atlantic Estate Atlantic View Estate Bakare Estate Bayview Estate Bera Estate Bourdillon Court Bridge Gate Estate Brookhill Park Estate Brownstone Estate Buena Vista Estate Cadogan Estate Cadogan Place Estate Canal West Estate Cardogan Estate Carlton Gate Estate Chevron Alternative Route Chevron Drive Chevron Toll Gate Chevy View Estate Chois Gardens Estate Cooplag Gardens Estate Cowrie Creek Estate Cromwell Court Estate Cyberville Estate Eastland Golf Estate Eleganza Estate Elf Estate Estates Estates Estates Estates Fara Park Estate Femi Okunnu Estate Flourish Gate Garden Freedom Way Friends Colony Estate Frisco Court Goshen Estate GRA Green Park Estate Hampton Bay Estate Heirs Park Estate Horizon II Estate House on the Rock HRC Estate Idado Estate Ikota County Estate Ikota Villa Estate Inoyo Havens Estate Itedo Estate Ivy Luxuria Estate Jakande First Gate Jordan Brooke Estates Kusenla Road Lakeview Estate Lekki Conservation Centre Lekki County Estate Lekki Gardens Horizon 1 Lekki Pearl Garden Lekki Scheme 2 Lekki Scheme I LSDPC Estate Maiyegun Beach Estate Manor Gardens Estate Marwa Megamound Estate Melrose Park Estate Milverton Estate Mobil Estate Mobolaji Johnson Estate Napier Gardens Estate New Horizon Estate New Road Nicon Town Northern Foreshore Estate Oba Oyekan Estate Ocean Bay Estate Ocean Breeze Estate Oluwanishola Estate Oral Estate Orchid Estate Orchid Road Paradise Estate Parkview Estate Peach Palms Pearly Gate Estate Periwinkle Lifestyle Estate Pinnock Beach Estate Prime Water View Estate Providence Street Richmond Gate Estate Romay Gardens Estate Royal County Estate Royal Haven Estate Royal Pine Estate Safe Court Apartments Seagate Estate Silicon Valley Estate Southern View Estate South Pointe Estate SPG Road Spring Bay Estate Spring Garden Estate Stillwaters Garden Estate The Grandeur Estate TPDC Estate Treasure Garden Estate Tulip Heaven Estate Twin Lake Estate U3 Estate UPDC Estate Valley Stream Estate Van Daniel Estate Victoria Bay Estate Victoria Crest Estate Victoria Park Estate Victory Park Estate Vintage Park Estate Westend Estate Western Foreshore Estate White Oak Estate Willow Greens Estate Woodland Estate Zion Court Estate
Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Luxury 2 Bedroom Condos with Nice Facilities Under Construction
18 photos Video
₦240,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 2 Bedroom Condos with Nice Facilities Under Construction

The Cello iii Lifestyle Condos is another laudable luxurious project by leadroitt realty limited. With the Cello I and Cello II already delivered to investors, Cello iii is currently under construction and almost at the finishing level with the block work currently at the 5th floor. You are not just looking at promises. You are looking at proven execution in motion. Location: Just by freedom way, lekki phase 1, lagos. Property type: Elegantly designed 2-bedroom condos comes equipped with top-tier amenities. Facilities: Swimming pool Gymnasium Resident's lounge 24/7 concierge service Uninterrupted power Walk-in closets High-speed wi-fi Smartlock Driver's sleepover Elevators with access controls 24/7 security with cctv surveillance and much more Our Cello iii is another seamless blend of luxury, comfort, and functionality, giving you the best out of your investment and peace of mind! To be delivered and managed with nothing short of a 5 star standard as usual. Construction: ongoing (Blockwork and Finishing Stage) Delivery: Q3, 2027 Purchase Price : ₦240M Initial Deposit: 30% 6 to 12 Months Payment Plan available a Development by Leadroitt For further inquiries, presentation meeting and site inspection contact: Jamiu Adebayo Leadroitt Realty Limited 33B, Dr Omon Ebhomenye Street, Lekki Phase 1, Lagos 08183000017(whatsapp enable) [email protected] www.leadroittrealty.com

The Cello 3, Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets

Leadroitt Realty LTD

Verified Agent

Newly Renovated 4 Bedroom Fully Furnished Apartment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
25
₦22,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Newly Renovated 4 Bedroom Fully Furnished Apartment

A fully furnished 4 bedroom located at lekki phase 1 , all amenities are intact and neat

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 4 toilets
Apeck Dynamic LTD
650SQM Prime Plots of Land — Orange Island Estate, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1
₦500,000,000

Residential land for sale

650SQM Prime Plots of Land

Direct Brief For Sale 650sqm Land -- Orange Island, Lekki Phase 1 Price: ₦500,000,000 Prime plot in one of Lekki's most exclusive waterfront neighbourhoods. Secure, well-planned, and surrounded by premium developments. Investor's Dream Strong long-term value and high-end location. Serious enquiries only.

Orange Island Estate, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Hygge Homs
Newly Built 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex Plus BQ — County Home, Lekki, Lagos
12
₦400,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Newly Built 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex Plus BQ

Newly built 5 bedroom fully detached duplex plus BQ Location: Lekki county, lekki Price: N400M Features; Brand new Gated Estate Spacious living area All rooms are en-suite Inbuilt Pop Sound systems Beautiful woodworks Great ambience Fully fitted kitchen Beautiful chandeliers Clean water Ample car parking space Water Heaters Pop Ceiling Study Room Swimming Pool Microwave Refrigerator Oven GYM cinema CCTV camera Title: Cofo and Building Approval Ymhph

County Home, Lekki, Lagos
5 beds
Ep Construction & Consult LTD
3 Bedroom Terrace House for 75 and 85M Respectively — Abijo GRA, Lekki, Lagos
3
₦85,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

3 Bedroom Terrace House for 75 and 85M Respectively

Lekki Marvella Project Type: 2 & 3 Bedroom Terrace Price: 75m & 85m Mortgage: Available Location: Abijo, Lekki--Epe Expressway, Lagos

Abijo GRA, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds 3 baths 4 toilets 2 Parking
Gentle Breeze Real Estate Company
Fully Furnished Miniflat — Obafemi Anibaba Street, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
11
₦10,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Fully Furnished Miniflat

For lease: Description: 1 unit furnished one-bedroom apartment Rent: N10 million 1 unit furnished studio apartment Rent: N7 million Location: Obafemi Anibaba Street, Lekki phase 1 (A Series) Service Charge: N2 Million Legal Fee: 10% Agency Fee: 10% Val

Obafemi Anibaba Street, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Jabisco Development Company Limited
5 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex — Oceanbay Estate, Lekki, Lagos
25
₦250,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

5 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex

5 Bedroom semi-detached duplex on G+2 floors with fully fitted kitchen and spacious maid's room. Location: Oceanbay Estate Orchid Road, Chevron Toll Gate Lekki,Lagos. Title: Estate Global C of O & Gov.Consent,Building Permit. Features: Spacious living room (Ground floor) Double family lounge (First & Second floor) Fully fitted kitchen Ensuite bedrooms High ceiling Walk-in closet Surround sound speakers Spacious car park (3 cars) Double Doors Inverter Frridge Microwave Electric & Gas Oven Plasma Extractor Double Door inverter Fridge Inverter 7.5 KG Washing Machine 24-hour power combined with 10 kva solar & inverter system CCTV Camera 24-hour security personnel Clean water Paved roads Good drainage system Children play area Price:#250,000,000 Olu

Oceanbay Estate, Lekki, Lagos
5 beds
Gui Integrated Concept Limited
Serviced One-Bedroom Penthouse — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
8
₦8,000,000 /yr

Flat / apartment for rent

Serviced One-Bedroom Penthouse

*now letting Serviced One-Bedroom Penthouse on top of a block of flats. Location: Lekki Phase 1, Lagos. Rent: N8.0m p. a Service charge Deposit: N224,000 per month Diesel Deposit: N600,000 per quarter facilities/attractions : - Marked parking slots - Two sets of soundproof generators - Calibrated diesel tank - Borehole with water treatment plant - 24-hour security service by corporate guards - Garden maintenance service - Cleaning and fumigation services - Individual prepaid meter for each apartment including the penthouse For more information and inspection, please contact us

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets 1 Parking
Adams Realties
Paradise Newly Built 5 Bedroom with Swimming Pool — Megamound Estate, Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos
12
₦320,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Paradise Newly Built 5 Bedroom with Swimming Pool

Benefits Of Becoming a Property Owner/Investor in Megamound Estate: 1. Prime Location: Megamound Estate is located in a prime area of Lekki Phase 2, which is known for its upscale and well-planned neighborhoods. The estate is close to major roads, commercial centers, schools, and other amenities. 2. Security: Megamound Estate is a gated service estate with security personnel and surveillance systems in place, providing a safe and secure environment for residents 3. Infrastructure: The estate is well-developed with good road networks, drainage systems, and other essential infrastructure in place, making it a comfortable place to live. 4. Amenities: Megamound Estate offers residents access to various amenities such as parks, playgrounds, recreational facilities, and green spaces, enhancing the quality of life for residents. 5. Investment Potential: Properties in Megamound Estate have shown a history speed of minimum of 3% monthly appreciation in value over time, making it a potentially lucrative investment opportunity. 6. Community Living: Living in a well-planned estate like Megamound promotes a sense of community and belonging, with opportunities for social interactions and networking with like-minded individuals. 7 ) Documentation : This property comes with verifiable title legal documents such as building approval, registered survey plan , registered deed of assignments/Governor's Consent and C of O. Property Features: Classic modern swimming pool Italian bulletproof doors covering exit and exit points Expansive Living Room: An airy and open living area that provides a perfect setting for gatherings and entertaining, featuring large windows that invite natural light. Spacious Balconies: Enjoy stunning views and outdoor relaxation on the large balconies, ideal for leisure or entertaining guests in a serene environment. Women's Dream Fitted Kitchen: A spacious, modern kitchen featuring high-end appliances, custom cabinetry, generous workspace, and an island perfect for meal preparation and casual dining. This kitchen is designed to accommodate both everyday cooking and grand culinary endeavors. Smart Mobile lighting wardrobes Modern luxurious and remote control automatic jacuzzi and cubicle shower All the rooms are very spacious with capacity to contain any size of beds Well built box and study rooms Cinema Room: A dedicated cinema room offers a private movie-watching experience, complete with soundproofing and high-quality audiovisual equipment. Extensive car parking lots with remote control gate. Well fabricated modern and well positioned car pots Extra maid room adjacent swimming pool to accommodate domestic workers All the rest rooms are furnished with water heater, mirror, washing hand basin and so on Estate Features: 1) Cozy serene and tranquility vegetarian environment idea for raising and nurturing kids. 2) Proper landscaping & well thought out layouts 3) Dual concrete drainage channels for easy flowing of water into the canal 4) Well behaved corporate security guards and estate officials with operation display your access code before entry. 5) Estate can boost of well designed architectural masterpiece for quality of life in the estate 6) Shopping Complex : commercial private shopping centers in a well strategic and exclusive location for convenience of all residents and visitors looking for where to do shopping. 7) Design: Only perimeter dwarf fence is allowed to be erected in the estate 8) Sophisticated security architecture already in place 9) All the roads and inter_connecting streets are emblazoned with sign posts for proper identification 10) Security guards are placed in strategic locations to improve security 11) Estate can boosts of regular power supply and recreational facilities such as gardens/green areas 12) All the roads and interconnecting streets are tarred with durable high quality paving stones 13) Estate is highly fenced armed with electric cable wires 14) Well crafted plastic disposable dustbins for waste disposal and lots more Conclusion This gigantic luxury contemporary home is a unique gem that offers a perfect blend of sophistication, comfort, and security. With its expansive living spaces, top-notch amenities, and outstanding security features, this property is designed for those who desire an upscale lifestyle. The integration of modern design with functional spaces, along with the supportive vegetarian community, makes this 5-bedroom fully detached duplex an extraordinary choice for families seeking the epitome of luxury living. Experience refined elegance in this remarkable home, where every detail is tailored for your utmost satisfaction. Note : buy any of our properties and get instant 2 bags of 25KG of rice and 1 gallon of 25 litres of groundnut Proudly Marketed By WhiteBronze Investment LTD RC 1192624 For Inspection and More Clarifications Please Contact WhiteBronze Investment LTD on Email:[email protected] Website:www.whitebronzeinvestment.com Instagram:@whitebronze77

Megamound Estate, Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos
5 beds 6 baths 7 toilets 8 Parking
Whitebronze Investment LTD
₦150,000,000

Land for sale

3 Plots of Bare Land Facing the Coast Road, 250meters Away From Road

For sale 3 plots of bear land facing the coast road (250meters away From the costal Road) Lafiaji orchid. Fenced and gated Tittle governor consent Price: #150m per plot †¶€mm.d£§‡.

Orchid, Lafiaji, Lekki, Lagos
Amzat Odu LTD
Gigantic Newly Built All En-Suite 4 Bedroom with BQ — By Victoria Garden City, Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos
5
₦250,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Gigantic Newly Built All En-Suite 4 Bedroom with BQ

Investing in property in Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos, offers numerous benefits, making it an attractive option for both homeowners and investors. Here are some key advantages: 1. Strategic Location : Lekki Phase 2 is strategically located with easy access to major business districts, the Lekki-Epe Expressway, and the Lekki Free Trade Zone. This makes it a desirable location for residents and businesses. 2. Rapid Development : Lekki Phase 2 has seen significant infrastructural development, leading to an increase in property values. The area is rapidly evolving, with new projects, schools, shopping centers, and recreational facilities enhancing its appeal. 3. High Rental Yields : Given the influx of professionals and families moving into the area, rental properties in Lekki Phase 2 can generate high returns on investment through rental income, making it an appealing choice for landlords. 4. Vibrant Community : The area has a vibrant community feel with a mix of residential and commercial properties. This fosters a sense of belonging and encourages social interaction, making it attractive for families. 5. Proximity to Amenities : Residents enjoy proximity to essential services such as hospitals, schools, markets, and entertainment options. This convenience can enhance the quality of life and make the area more attractive for potential buyers and renters. 6. Security : Lekki Phase 2 generally has better security arrangements compared to many other parts of Lagos, contributing to the area's appeal for families and expatriates. 7. Potential for Appreciation : With ongoing developments and the continued interest in Lekki from both local and foreign investors, property values in Lekki Phase 2 are likely to appreciate over time. This potential for capital gains is appealing for investors. 8. Government Support : Various government initiatives aim to enhance real estate development in Lagos, including improved infrastructure and urban planning strategies, which can further boost property values. 9. Diverse Property Options : The area offers a variety of property types, including residential homes, apartments, commercial spaces, and land for development, catering to different investment strategies and preferences. 10. Active Real Estate Market : The demand for properties in Lekki is consistently high, leading to a dynamic real estate market. This active market offers opportunities for both quick sales and long-term investments. Key Features Include : - All Bedrooms En-Suite : Each of the four spacious bedrooms features its own private bathroom, offering ultimate privacy and convenience for family members and guests alike. - Corner Piece Duplex : Enjoy enhanced natural lighting, excellent ventilation, and extra outdoor space with this uniquely positioned corner property. - Boys Quarter : a separate, well-finished boys quarter provides comfortable accommodation for domestic staff or guests. - Women's Dream Fully Fitted Kitchen : The modern kitchen is fully equipped with high-quality cabinets, countertops, and state-of-the-art appliances, designed to inspire culinary creativity and ease. - Serene & Secure Gated Estate Nestled within a peaceful, well-maintained community with 24/7 security, good road networks, and lush landscaping, ensuring safety and tranquility. - Prime Location: Located by Victoria Garden City in Lekki Phase 2, a highly sought-after neighborhood known for its upscale living, proximity to shopping malls, schools, hospitals, and major transport routes. This property is ideal for families or individuals seeking a blend of elegance, functionality, and security in one of Lagos's most desirable residential estates. Title : Governor's Consent Proudly Marketed By WhiteBronze Investment LTD RC 1192624 For Inspection and More Clarifications Please Contact WhiteBronze Investment LTD on Email [email protected] Website:www.whitebronzeinvestment.com

By Victoria Garden City, Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 5 baths 6 toilets 4 Parking
Whitebronze Investment LTD
21 SQM Shop Space — Igbo Efon, Lekki, Lagos
1
₦45,000,000

Shop for sale

21 SQM Shop Space

For sale SlvGabkel Description: A shop space measuring 21sqm on the second floor Location: Igbo-Efon Price: #45M Title: Deed of Assignment

Igbo Efon, Lekki, Lagos
360 Degree Properties LTD
₦1,000,000,000

Residential land for sale

1000SQM Land

For sale 1000sqm land Price 1b Nelson T

Pinnock Beach Estate, Osapa, Lekki, Lagos
1000 sqm
Henryprime
Service 3 Bedroom Terraced Duplex — Orchid, Lekki, Lagos
11
₦110,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Service 3 Bedroom Terraced Duplex

Fully service estate 3 bedroom Duplex terrace Price: #110m asking 100m net Title governor consent Location orchid road before round about Is tenanted but we can inspect it Onece the new buyer buy the owner will leave immediately Steve

Orchid, Lekki, Lagos
3 beds
Gui Integrated Concept Limited
Neat 2 Bedroom Apartment — Ologolo, Lekki, Lagos
10
₦120,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Neat 2 Bedroom Apartment

Neat 2 Bedroom Apartment for sale at Ologolo Lekki Title: Governor's consent and approval Direct client interested only

Ologolo, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 3 toilets
Sellerrand Realty LTD
Brand New Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment with Pool and Gym — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
13
₦250,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Brand New Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment with Pool and Gym

Direct brief for sale brand new specious well built luxury 2bedroom apartment price: 250million features: - Swimming Pool - Gym - reception - - pop ceiling - - Smart lock security door - ⁠Spacious living area - Double ⁠Elevator - ⁠All rooms en-suite - Water Heater - ⁠Well treated water - ⁠24 Hours Security - ⁠Constant electricity - serviced - Interlocked - beautiful lighting - ⁠Well secure environment location: Lekki phase one lagos For more info: Contact: 07080812229,08138002572 Email: [email protected]

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
Royal Prince Properties
Luxury 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ, Open Terrace, Cinema — Lekki County, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
14
₦600,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 5 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ, Open Terrace, Cinema

Luxury 5bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [ ] Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - ⁠[ ] BQ - ⁠[ ] Open Terrace - [ ] Cinema Room Location : lekki county, kota lekki lagos Price: N600M asking Title: Governor's consent/building approval For more enquiries, contact Stephen Whatsapp: 08171969365 Phone: 08136522011, 09155232992 Email: [email protected]

Lekki County, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
5 beds 5 baths 6 toilets 3 Parking
Idealplace_properties
Brand New Spacious Well Built Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment with Pool & Gym — Off Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
10
₦200,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Brand New Spacious Well Built Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment with Pool & Gym

For sale Direct brief Brand new luxury most affordable well built 2 bedroom apartment in a serene and secured environment Location: lekki phase 1 lagos price: ₦200,000,000. Features; -newly built -detailed finishing -all rooms en-suite -fully fitted kitchen -clean treated water -fully serviced -ample parking spaces -good access roads -walk-in shower -balconies Title: governor's consent Building approval also available For more info: Contact: 07080812229,08138002572 Email: royalprinceproperties4@gmail. Com

Off Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 beds 2 baths 3 toilets 2 Parking
Royal Prince Properties
Lovely 2 Bedroom Flat — Lekki Conservation Road, Lekki, Lagos
7
₦4,000,000 /yr

Flat / apartment for rent

Lovely 2 Bedroom Flat

Semi letting Two Bedroom Flat for Rent Location: Lekki Conservation road. Rent: N4m Agency: N400k Agreement: N400k Caution: N400k Service charge: 800k Total package: 6M

Lekki Conservation Road, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet
Jay Properties
230SQM Show Room Whole Floor — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
7
₦57,500,000 /yr

Shop for rent

230SQM Show Room Whole Floor

230 square meters Show room at Lekki phase 1 Lekki Lagos. Good for Interior design, furnitures, interior decoration, the whole floor first floor

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
4 toilets
Advanced Orients & Co
Newly Built 4bedroom Terrace Duplex House with BQ — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
12
₦450,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Newly Built 4bedroom Terrace Duplex House with BQ

Newly Built 4Bedroom Semi Detached House with bq all rooms are en-suite with guest toilet, fitted kitchen, bathroom tub, swimming pool etc at Lekki phase 1 Lekki Lagos

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets
Advanced Orients & Co

Showing 45,481–45,501 of 56,354 properties

Area Guide

About Lekki, Lagos

Lekki is a city located in the eastern part of Lagos. Lekki is a naturally formed peninsula, adjoining to its west Victoria Island and Ikoyi districts of Lagos, with the Atlantic Ocean to its south, Lagos Lagoon to the north, and Lekki Lagoon to its east; however, the city's southeast which ends at around the western edge of Refuge Island, adjoins the eastern part of Ibeju-Lekki LGA. 

The peninsula is approximately 70 to 80km long, with an average width of 10km. Lekki currently houses several Estates, gated residential developments, agricultural farmlands, areas allocated for a Free Trade Zone, with an airport, and a sea port under construction. The proposed land use master plan for the Lekki envisages the Peninsula as a "Blue-Green Environment City", expected to accommodate well over 3.4 million residential population and an additional non-residential population of at least 1.9 million.

Read the full area guide
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of flats, houses, land and commercial property in Lekki, Lagos is ₦330,000,000.

The price of the most expensive flats, houses, land and commercial property in Lekki, Lagos is ₦4,200,000,000.

The price of the cheapest flats, houses, land and commercial property in Lekki, Lagos is ₦700,000.

There are 56,354 available flats, houses, land and commercial property in Lekki, Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.