Nigeria Property Centre

Unfurnished Property for Rent in Victoria Island (VI), Lagos

There are 2,558 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for rent in Victoria Island (VI) as of 9 Aug 2026, with an average price of ₦30M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

1,041–1,061 of 2,558 properties for rent

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Newly Built Two Bedroom Apartment
14 photos
₦28,000,000 /yr

Flat / apartment for rent

Newly Built Two Bedroom Apartment

For lease Two bedroom apartment, Victoria Island Lease: ₦28m per annum S.C: ₦2m per annum Agency: 10% Legal: 10% Caution deposit: 5% Features and Amenities: fitted kitchen, 3 balconies, fully serviced, elevators, parking, uniformed security For enquiries, inspection bookings, or further information, kindly contact Sheba Castles. We would be pleased to arrange a viewing and assist you throughout the leasing process. Sheba Castles --- Connecting You to Exceptional Properties.

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking

Sheba Castles LTD

Contact Agent
4 Bedroom Terraced Duplex with BQ
Featured
10
₦30,000,000 /yr

Terraced duplex for rent

4 Bedroom Terraced Duplex with BQ

Exclusively for Direct Clients Only ‎ ‎for rent - 4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with BQ ‎ ‎Location: Oniru, Victoria Island, Lagos ‎ ‎Financial Summary: ‎Rent: ₦30,000,000 per annum ‎Agency Fee: 10% ‎Legal Fee: 10% ‎Caution Fee: 10% ‎Service Charge: ₦3,500,000 per annum ‎ ‎Total Package: ₦42,500,000 ‎ ‎Property Highlights: ‎- 24 Hours Electricity ‎- Spacious Compound ‎- All Rooms En-Suite ‎- pop Ceiling ‎- Water Heaters ‎- Walk-In Showers ‎- Interlocked Floors ‎- Fully Fitted Kitchen ‎- Ample Parking Space ‎- Swimming Pool ‎- Gym ‎- Children's Play Area ‎ ‎Viewing: ‎inspection fees applies ‎ ‎Ref:000431 ‎ ‎important notice: This offering is strictly reserved for serious and financially capable direct clients only. Inquiries from intermediaries or other third parties will not be entertained. Kindly ensure you are prepared to proceed before requesting further details or scheduling an inspection.

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
Knight Angels Realties LTD
10 Bedroom Detached House with Swimming Pool, 2 Rooms BQ
Featured
8
₦90,000,000

Detached duplex for rent

10 Bedroom Detached House with Swimming Pool, 2 Rooms BQ

To Let (direct) 10 bedroom detached house wt swimming pool, 2 rooms Bq at Oniru N90m p.a Dolph

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
10 Beds 10 Baths 11 Toilets
Charis Estate
Executive Self Serviced 4 Bedroom Terrace with BQ
Featured
19
₦40,000,000 /yr

Terraced duplex for rent

Executive Self Serviced 4 Bedroom Terrace with BQ

To Let semi Executive spacious and neat 4 bedroom self serviced terrace house + BQ at Victoria Island Lagos Good for private residential for the executives seeking comfort Rent N40m Agency 10% Caution 10% Legal 10% No service charge Pictures available on request oth

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Wifis and Avaland
Tastefully Finished 3 Bedroom Flat with All Rooms Ensuite.
Featured
9
₦30,000,000 /yr

Flat / apartment for rent

Tastefully Finished 3 Bedroom Flat with All Rooms Ensuite.

Tastefully finished 3 bedroom flat Location: Oniru, Victoria Island. 30m per annum 2yrs required

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
Dreamy Realty Limited
3 Bedroom Maisonette with One Room BQ
Featured
21
₦25,000,000 /yr

House for rent

3 Bedroom Maisonette with One Room BQ

3 Bedroom Maisonette with 1 Room BQ for rent in Victoria Island Location: Muri Okunola Street, Victoria Island Rent: N25 million p.a. Vi-l/3bm/ant

Muri Okunola Street, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
Poc Nigeria Limited
Nice and Well Finished 3 Bedroom Flat
Featured
1
₦30,000,000 /yr

Flat / apartment for rent

Nice and Well Finished 3 Bedroom Flat

Nice and well finished 3bedroom flat for rent in Oniru Victoria Island Lagos with all round tiled floors, all the rooms ensuite, guest toilet, pop ceiling finishing, wardrobes, kitchen cabinet, water and parking space in a serene secured and accessible environment

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets 2 Parking
Hairways Resources Company Nigeria
1 Bedroom Apartment Available
Featured
9
₦8,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

1 Bedroom Apartment Available

For rent 12 units of Well maintained 1-Bedroom Apartment (unfurnished) Victoria Island (VI), Lagos Rent: ₦8M Service Charge: ₦2M Diesel Advance: ₦1M Legal Fee: ₦800k * Agency Fee: ₦800k ₦12.6M Total Package covers rent, legal, caution, service charge and Agency

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 Beds 1 Baths 2 Toilets 1 Parking
Ninahomesltd
Luxury Commercial Office Spaces
Featured
8
$450,000 /mo

Commercial property for rent

Luxury Commercial Office Spaces

CW09252 Luxury Commercial Office Spaces in VI Secure premium office space in a modern Grade a commercial building located in the heart of Victoria Island. Available from the 7th to the 13th floor, this development offers flexible leasing options, high-quality facilities, and a professional business environment designed for corporate occupiers. With a minimum leasable area of 461.875sqm and full-floor options of 923sqm, the property is ideal for multinational corporations, financial institutions, technology companies, and professional service firms. Property Details Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: Grade a Office Space Available Floors: 7th -- 13th Floor Minimum Leasable Space: 461.875sqm Full Floor Size: 923sqm Lease Details Rent: $450 per sqm Service Charge: 20% of Annual Rent (Payable Quarterly) Monthly Reimbursable Charges: Generator, Electricity & Waste Disposal Agency Fee: 10% Legal Fee: 10% Building Features Grade a Office Development High-Speed Elevators Cafeteria Professional Corporate Environment Flexible Office Configurations Premium Business Address Excellent Accessibility Suitable Uses Corporate Headquarters Financial Institutions Technology Companies Professional Service Firms Consulting Companies Multinational Organizations Co-working Operators Investment & Business Benefits Prestigious Victoria Island Business Address Flexible Leasing Options Large Floor Plates Modern Office Infrastructure Ideal for Medium to Large Organizations Professionally Managed Commercial Building Ideal Tenant This office space is ideal for multinational corporations, financial institutions, oil and gas companies, consulting firms, law firms, technology companies, and organizations seeking premium office accommodation in Victoria Island. Location Victoria Island, Lagos Available Spaces Minimum Space: 461.875sqm Full Floor: 923sqm Available Floors: 7th -- 13th Rent $450 per sqm Service Charge 20% of Annual Rent (Payable Quarterly) Monthly Reimbursable Charges: Generator, Electricity & Waste Disposal For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Nadi: 09062511345 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
C W Real Estate
4 Bedroom Apartment in VI
Featured
10
₦65,000,000

Flat / apartment for rent

4 Bedroom Apartment in VI

CW09253 4 Bedroom Apartment in VI Victoria Island, Lagos Experience premium living in this tastefully furnished 4-bedroom apartment located in the heart of Victoria Island. Designed with luxury, comfort, and convenience in mind, this residence offers spacious interiors, modern finishes, and access to world-class lifestyle amenities, making it ideal for executives, expatriates, and families. Rental Details Rent: ₦65,000,000 per annum Additional Charges Service Charge: ₦9,800,000 Agency Fee: 10% Legal Fee: 10% Caution Fee: ₦1,000,000 Features & Amenities 4 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Fully Furnished Fully Fitted Kitchen Fully Installed Air Conditioners Bathtub Water Heaters Swimming Pool Fully Equipped Gym Spa & Wellness Centre Reception/Lobby High-Speed Elevators 24/7 Power Supply 24/7 Security Treated Water System Interlocked Compound Highlights Prime Victoria Island Location Tastefully Furnished and Move-In Ready Luxury Lifestyle Amenities Ideal for Executives, Expatriates, and Families Spacious Contemporary Layout Secure and Professionally Managed Development * Easy Access to Business Districts, Restaurants, Hotels, and Shopping Centres Location: Victoria Island, Lagos a premium opportunity to lease a fully furnished luxury apartment in Victoria Island, offering exceptional comfort, first-class facilities, and an exclusive lifestyle in one of Lagos' most desirable neighborhoods. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Sophia: +234 814 497 6677 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Brand New 1-Bedroom Apartment
Featured
7
₦12,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Brand New 1-Bedroom Apartment

Rent Alert 1-Bedroom Apartment Location: Oniru ₦13,000,000 Agency (10%): ₦1,300,000 Legal (10%): ₦1,300,000 Caution (10%): ₦1,300,000 Service Charge: ₦1,500,000 Total Package: ₦18,400,000 (Including Service Charge)

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 Beds 1 Baths 2 Toilets
Brownstone Property Nig. LTD
Luxury 1-Bedroom Flat with Excellent Facility
Featured
7
₦13,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Luxury 1-Bedroom Flat with Excellent Facility

Rent Alert 1-Bedroom Apartment Location: Oniru ₦13,000,000 Agency (10%): ₦1,300,000 Legal (10%): ₦1,300,000 Caution (10%): ₦1,300,000 Service Charge: ₦1,500,000 Total Package: ₦18,400,000 (Including Service Charge) Boss

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 Beds 1 Baths 1 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
Premium Office Space
Featured
9
₦100,000 /mo

Commercial property for rent

Premium Office Space

CW09248 Premium Office Space in VI a premium commercial leasing opportunity offering 980sqm of office space across the 1st and 2nd floors of a well-positioned building in Victoria Island. Designed for businesses seeking a prestigious corporate address, the space features a separate dedicated elevator lift and flexible lease terms. Located in one of Lagos' most prominent business districts, this property is ideal for corporate headquarters, financial institutions, professional firms, and multinational organizations. Property Details Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: Commercial Office Space Total Size: 980sqm Floors Available: 1st & 2nd Floor Lift Access: Separate Dedicated Elevator Lease Details Rent: ₦100,000 per sqm (Negotiable) Service Charge: ₦50,000 per sqm (Negotiable) Power Charge: Excluded (Payable Separately) Property Features Prime Victoria Island Location Spacious Office Layout Dedicated Elevator Lift Suitable for Corporate Occupiers Professional Business Environment Excellent Accessibility Secure Commercial Building Suitable Uses Corporate Headquarters Financial Institutions Consulting Firms Tech Companies Professional Service Offices Multinational Organizations Training / Conference Facilities Investment & Business Benefits Prestigious VI Business Address Flexible Negotiation Terms Large Floor Plates Ideal for Growing Organizations Strong Corporate Visibility Ideal Tenant This space is ideal for banks, multinational companies, professional firms, investment companies, and businesses seeking a premium office location in Victoria Island. Location Victoria Island, Lagos Space Size 980sqm Rent ₦100,000 per sqm (Negotiable) Service Charge ₦50,000 per sqm (Negotiable) Power excluded For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Nadi: 09062511345 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
980 sqm
C W Real Estate
Luxury 4 Bedroom Terraced Duplex + BQ with Excellent Facility
Featured
1
₦30,000,000 /yr

Terraced duplex for rent

Luxury 4 Bedroom Terraced Duplex + BQ with Excellent Facility

For rent Direct to mandate 4 units of 4 bedroom Terrace Duplex with Bq at Oniru, V.I Rent: N30Million per unit Agency: 10% Legal: 10% Caution: 10% Service charge: 4.5m Power deposit: 4m Boss

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
Serviced 2 Bedroom Penthouse
Featured
11
₦25,000,000

Flat / apartment for rent

Serviced 2 Bedroom Penthouse

Two units of 2 bedroom penthouse available for rent. Property Features and amenities: -swimming pool -spacious car parking lot -Gym -24/7 power supply -Fitted Ac -Fitted kitchen -24/7 Security Location: Victoria Island, Lagos state. Rent: 25M per annum Service charge: 4M inclusive of diesel. Each flat has personal prepaid metre. Tiji/W

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
2 Beds
Oip Properties
4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex
Featured
9
₦38,000,000

Terraced duplex for rent

4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex

CW09243 4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex in VI Experience premium living in this beautifully designed 4-bedroom terrace duplex located in the heart of Victoria Island. Offering spacious interiors and a range of lifestyle amenities, this home is perfect for families, corporate executives, and expatriates seeking comfort, security, and convenience in one of Lagos' most prestigious neighborhoods. With access to a swimming pool, gym, boys' quarters, and professionally maintained facilities, this property delivers an exceptional residential experience. Property Details Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: 4-Bedroom Terrace Duplex Annual Rent: ₦38,000,000 Property Features 4 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Boys' Quarters (BQ) Fully Fitted Kitchen Spacious Living and Dining Area Balcony Water Treatment Plant 2 Dedicated Parking Spaces Estate Amenities Swimming Pool Gym 24-Hour Security Well-Maintained Environment Prime Victoria Island Location Financial Details Annual Rent: ₦38,000,000 Service Charge: ₦3,900,000 Agency Fee: 10% Legal Fee: 10% Caution Deposit: ₦2,000,000 Ideal Tenant This property is ideal for corporate executives, expatriates, diplomats, and families seeking a luxury residence with premium amenities in Victoria Island. Location Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type 4-Bedroom Terrace Duplex For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Seun: 07048089360 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex
Featured
9
₦38,000,000

Terraced duplex for rent

4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex

CW09243 4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex in VI Experience premium living in this beautifully designed 4-bedroom terrace duplex located in the heart of Victoria Island. Offering spacious interiors and a range of lifestyle amenities, this home is perfect for families, corporate executives, and expatriates seeking comfort, security, and convenience in one of Lagos' most prestigious neighborhoods. With access to a swimming pool, gym, boys' quarters, and professionally maintained facilities, this property delivers an exceptional residential experience. Property Details Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: 4-Bedroom Terrace Duplex Annual Rent: ₦38,000,000 Property Features 4 Spacious En-Suite Bedrooms Boys' Quarters (BQ) Fully Fitted Kitchen Spacious Living and Dining Area Balcony Water Treatment Plant 2 Dedicated Parking Spaces Estate Amenities Swimming Pool Gym 24-Hour Security Well-Maintained Environment Prime Victoria Island Location Financial Details Annual Rent: ₦38,000,000 Service Charge: ₦3,900,000 Agency Fee: 10% Legal Fee: 10% Caution Deposit: ₦2,000,000 Ideal Tenant This property is ideal for corporate executives, expatriates, diplomats, and families seeking a luxury residence with premium amenities in Victoria Island. Location Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type 4-Bedroom Terrace Duplex For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Seun: 07048089360 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
C W Real Estate
9-Bedroom Detached House with 3 Rooms BQ
Featured
6
₦70,000,000

Detached duplex for rent

9-Bedroom Detached House with 3 Rooms BQ

To let 9-Bedroom Detached house with 3 Rooms BQ Location: , Victoria Island Rent: N70Million p.a slightly negotiable (3 years minimum) Legal: 10% Agency 10% Caution 10% Nke

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
9 Beds 9 Baths 10 Toilets
Charis Estate
2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ
Featured
8
₦15,000,000

Flat / apartment for rent

2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ

CW09241 2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ in Oniru VI Enjoy contemporary living in this well-appointed 2-bedroom apartment with a Boys' Quarter (BQ), situated on the 1st floor of a secure residential development in Oniru. Offering modern finishes, excellent amenities, and a prime location, this apartment is ideal for professionals, expatriates, and small families. Property Details Property Type 2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ Location Oniru, Lagos Floor 1st Floor Annual Rent ₦15,000,000 Additional Charges Service Charge: ₦3,500,000 Deposit (Covers Electricity/Power) Agency Fee: 10% Legal Fee: 10% Caution Fee: 5% Property Features Spacious Living Area Boys' Quarter (BQ) All Rooms En-Suite Fully Air-Conditioned Fitted Bathrooms Contemporary Interior Finishes One Dedicated Parking Space Estate Amenities Swimming Pool Elevator Secure Gated Estate Well-Maintained Environment Lifestyle Benefits Prime Oniru Location Peaceful and Secure Residential Community Easy Access to Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Beaches, Shopping Centres, Fine Dining, Schools, Healthcare Facilities, and Business Districts Ideal for Professionals, Expatriates, and Corporate Executives This luxury 2-bedroom apartment with BQ offers a comfortable and convenient lifestyle in one of Lagos' most sought-after residential neighborhoods, combining premium amenities with excellent accessibility. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Wunmi: 09088072107 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets
C W Real Estate
2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ
Featured
7
₦15,000,000

Flat / apartment for rent

2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ

CW09241 2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ in Oniru VI Enjoy contemporary living in this well-appointed 2-bedroom apartment with a Boys' Quarter (BQ), situated on the 1st floor of a secure residential development in Oniru. Offering modern finishes, excellent amenities, and a prime location, this apartment is ideal for professionals, expatriates, and small families. Property Details Property Type 2-Bedroom Apartment with BQ Location Oniru, Lagos Floor 1st Floor Annual Rent ₦15,000,000 Additional Charges Service Charge: ₦3,500,000 Deposit (Covers Electricity/Power) Agency Fee: 10% Legal Fee: 10% Caution Fee: 5% Property Features Spacious Living Area Boys' Quarter (BQ) All Rooms En-Suite Fully Air-Conditioned Fitted Bathrooms Contemporary Interior Finishes One Dedicated Parking Space Estate Amenities Swimming Pool Elevator Secure Gated Estate Well-Maintained Environment Lifestyle Benefits Prime Oniru Location Peaceful and Secure Residential Community Easy Access to Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Beaches, Shopping Centres, Fine Dining, Schools, Healthcare Facilities, and Business Districts Ideal for Professionals, Expatriates, and Corporate Executives This luxury 2-bedroom apartment with BQ offers a comfortable and convenient lifestyle in one of Lagos' most sought-after residential neighborhoods, combining premium amenities with excellent accessibility. For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Wunmi: 09088072107 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cwlagos.com We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets
C W Real Estate
Spacious 4 Bedroom Terraced Duplex with Boys' Quarters
Featured
24
₦30,000,000 /yr

Terraced duplex for rent

Spacious 4 Bedroom Terraced Duplex with Boys' Quarters

4-Bedroom Terrace Duplex with BQ - Oniru, Victoria Island - ₦30M/Year For Rent: Spacious 4-bedroom terrace duplex with Boys' Quarters, located in the serene and highly sought-after Oniru area of Victoria Island. Location: Oniru, Victoria Island, Lagos Rent: ₦30,000,000 per annum Tentative Total Package: ₦39,000,000 Service Charge: ₦4,500,000 per annum Power Deposit: ₦4,000,000 Charges: Agency -- 10% - Legal -- 10% - Caution -- 10% Comes With: Boys' Quarters - Spacious living areas - All rooms ensuite - Modern fitted kitchen - Ample parking - Secure environment - Prime location - Serene neighborhood

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 3 Toilets 3 Parking
Island Luxury Homes

Showing 1,041–1,061 of 2,558 properties

Area Guide

About Victoria Island (VI), Lagos

Victoria Island (VI) is an affluent area that encompasses a former island of the same name that sits between Lagos Island and the Lekki Peninsula in the Lagos Lagoon. It is the main business and financial centre of Lagos in Lagos State, Nigeria. Victoria Island is one of the most exclusive and expensive areas to live in Nigeria. The town and island lie within the boundaries of the Eti-Osa LGA.

Originally designated an upscale residential area, failing infrastructure and overcrowding in the old business district on Lagos Island and lax zoning enforcement in Victoria Island led to a mass migration of businesses over the last twenty-five years. Today, Victoria Island is one of Nigeria's busiest centres of banking and commerce, with most major Nigerian and international corporations headquartered on the Island.

The Island has continued to rapidly develop and along with Ikoyi, is a favourite spot for Nigerians and foreigners to live and play.

Read the full area guide
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for rent in Victoria Island (VI), Lagos is ₦30,000,000 per annum.

The price of the most expensive furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for rent in Victoria Island (VI), Lagos is ₦230,000,000 per annum.

The price of the cheapest furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for rent in Victoria Island (VI), Lagos is ₦250,000 per annum.

There are 2,558 available furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for rent in Victoria Island (VI), Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.