Nigeria Property Centre

1 Bedroom Flats in Lagos

There are 8,226 flats for sale and rent in Lagos as of 13 Aug 2026, with an average price of ₦3.5M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Newly Built 1 Bedroom (Room and Parlour) Apartment Now Available
13 photos
₦1,200,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Newly Built 1 Bedroom (Room and Parlour) Apartment Now Available

Units of Newly built 1 bedroom mini flat (room and parlour) apartment now available for rent in a secure and serene environment. Features; modern sanitary wares, water heater, paved and gated compound, serene and secure environment , wardrobe, fitted kitchen, ample parking space, estate and home security, prepaid metre, well painted, clean water, so it's pay and move in... Video and more pictures is available on request. Rent : 1.2m For more enquiries, contact Realtor Laykes 09133066326

Alatishe, Ajah, Lagos
1 Beds 1 Baths 1 Toilets

Jvo Laykes Global Ventures

Verified Agent

Luxury 1 Bedroom with an Indoor Pool — 7 Centrale Apartment, Durosinmi Etti, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
19
₦145,000 /day

Flat / apartment short let

Luxury 1 Bedroom with an Indoor Pool

Discover the perfect blend of elegance, comfort, and modern sophistication in this stunning 1-bedroom apartment nestled within a serene and secure estate in the heart of Lekki Phase 1. Designed for contemporary living, this exquisite home features spacious interiors, premium finishes, indoor swimming pool, indoor parking, gymnasium, beautifully crafted spaces, and a layout that offers both privacy and functionality. Experience refined city living where style meets convenience --- a home created for those who appreciate quality, comfort, and exclusivity.

7 Centrale Apartment, Durosinmi Etti, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Reuxville Real Estate
Luxury 1 Bedroom Apartment — Off Ligali Ayorinde, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
Premium
12
₦140,000 /day

Mini flat (room and parlour) short let

Luxury 1 Bedroom Apartment

Experience comfort and convenience in this fully furnished 1-bedroom apartment, thoughtfully designed for business and leisure stays. Enjoy stylish interiors, a spacious living area, a fully equipped kitchen, high-speed Wi-Fi, uninterrupted power supply, and top-notch security. Fully Furnished High-Speed Wi-Fi 24/7 Electricity & Security Smart TV & Modern Amenities Prime Location in Victoria Island Book now for a relaxing and memorable stay! +234 911 200 0057

Off Ligali Ayorinde, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Reuxville Real Estate
Elegantly Styled Studio Apartment — Adedeji Adekola Close, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
5
₦45,000 /day

Flat / apartment short let

Elegantly Styled Studio Apartment

Discounts available until 31 jan 2022 This unique place has a style all its own. This studio apartment delivers the feel of a modern hotel room with a stylishly set out space, and an elegant bed area. It has a separately set out and equipped kitchen space, thus providing the full homey experience. This spacious apartment arguably one of the best one bedroom apartments in the Lekki Phase 1 area. Its uniquely styled decor is well suited for the modern traveller or persons looking for 'homey' comfort in the centre of the island. The property features: 50-inch Smart TV Active DSTV & Netflix subscriptions Fast unlimited internet via fibre-optic 24hrs Power - (Generator and Battery inverter on standby) Treated water with great pressure Equipped modern kitchenette Free cleaning services 3 times a week Lots of mirrors Exterior of property fully monitored with CCTV Large 6x6 Bed

Adedeji Adekola Close, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet 1 Parking
Propgrid Limited
Exquisite 1 Bedroom Apartment — Adeniyi Jones, Ikeja, Lagos
Premium
7
₦59,000 /day

Mini flat (room and parlour) short let

Exquisite 1 Bedroom Apartment

1 bedroom Apartment 24 hours light 24 hour security Serene secure environment Smart t.v Wifi A.c Fully furnished kitchen Refrigerator Netflix Washing machine House keeping service Etc.... Location: ikeja

Adeniyi Jones, Ikeja, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets 1 Parking
Yellow Bird Properties
Downstairs Standard Miniflat Available — Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
Premium
10 Video
₦10,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Downstairs Standard Miniflat Available

To Let /talking to mandate brief Experts Standard 1-bedroom flat within oniru Rent 10m Sc. 2m Power: 4m all inclusive Caution 5% Agency and Legal 10% each Agency Facility are 24hrs light with swimming pool Benji

Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets 1 Parking
Gloiyk Properties and Investments Limited
Luxuriously Furnished 1 Bedroom Apartment with 24hour Light — Greenbay Estate, by Mobil Road, Ilaje, Ajah, Lagos
Premium
22
₦4,600,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Luxuriously Furnished 1 Bedroom Apartment with 24hour Light

{vacant by august 31th} a fully furnished mini flat (A room & PALOUR) @ GreenBay (Sterling) Estate, Ilaje, Behind megamound estate, Lagos Rent -- N4,600,000 (Non-negotiable) Agency- 10%-N460,000 Legal 10%- N460,000 Caution - N800,000 Bet

Greenbay Estate, by Mobil Road, Ilaje, Ajah, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Jabisco Development Company Limited
1 Bedroom Mini Flat (Room and Parlour) in a Secured Estate — Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
21
₦5,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

1 Bedroom Mini Flat (Room and Parlour) in a Secured Estate

illasan/chisco ikate *!!! 1 unit left on the ground floor Serviced 1 bedroom apartment for rent ground floor, with guest toilet in ikate, lekki. Location: ilasan/ salem , ikate lekki lagos. Rent: 5,000,000 Other charges: Service charge: #800k Caution: 10% Agency: 10% Legal: 10% Pro

Ikate, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Jabisco Development Company Limited
Luxury 1 Bedroom Apartment with Swimming Pool and Gym — Ajao Estate, Isolo, Lagos
Premium
4
₦95,000 /day

Mini flat (room and parlour) short let

Luxury 1 Bedroom Apartment with Swimming Pool and Gym

Features include: 24/7 light uninterrupted Gym Smart tv Dstv Dining Oven Microwave Fridge Ensuite room Spacious sitting area Security Fully AC Less than 10mins drive to and fro the airport 3 units available

Ajao Estate, Isolo, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet
Oliver Bola
New Luxury Room and Parlor — Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos
Premium
9
₦3,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

New Luxury Room and Parlor

Newly built luxurious room and parlor mini flat is available for rent in a call to access estate at sangotedo . Comes with pop , fitted kitchen with gas cooker ,water heater, screeded and painted wall, in a fenced and Gated compound,interlock road,spacious , TV console, etc

Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet 2 Parking
Property4all Nigeria Ents
Mini Flat Room and Parlor — Sliver Land Estate, Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos
Premium
12
₦2,100,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Mini Flat Room and Parlor

Hot cake Very sweet and standard mini flat rent 2.1m inside sliver land estate close to the road very nice in a nice area that has good road, clean water and steady light stop playing this house is hot cake it won't last 24 hours you will love it is only the fastest finger can get this Rent 2.1m Agent 210k Agreement 210k Caution 210k Self Service 300k Inspection fees 10k

Sliver Land Estate, Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet 10 Parking
Adonis Homes
Fully Service Mini Flat — Anifowoshe Street Off Adeola Odeku, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
Premium
3
₦15,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Fully Service Mini Flat

𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐭 15m 𝐀𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞.... 2.5m 𝗩𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗼 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁 =𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 =𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗥𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐈𝐍𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐆.... 𝐏𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭: 𝐉𝐎𝐄 𝐁𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒 𝐇𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔 Afuli

Anifowoshe Street Off Adeola Odeku, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet
Joe Bless Homes and Properties
Clean and Sharp Mini Flat — By Idowu Martins Street, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
Premium
12
₦15,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Clean and Sharp Mini Flat

𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐭 15m 𝐀𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞.... 2.5m 𝗩𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗼 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁 =𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 =𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗥𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐈𝐍𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐆.... 𝐏𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭: 𝐉𝐎𝐄 𝐁𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒 𝐇𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔 Afuli

By Idowu Martins Street, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet
Joe Bless Homes and Properties
Standard Mini Flat — Anifowoshe Street, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
Premium
5
₦15,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Standard Mini Flat

𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐭 15m 𝐀𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐋𝐞𝐠𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐞𝐞 10% 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞.... 2.5m 𝗩𝗶𝗱𝗲𝗼 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝘃𝗮𝗶𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗿𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗲𝘀𝘁 =𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝘀𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗶𝘁𝘆 =𝗚𝗼𝗼𝗱 𝗥𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝗦𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗲𝗮𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗳𝘂𝗹 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘂𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗲𝗻𝘃𝗶𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 =𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗹𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗿𝗼𝗮𝗱 =𝗖𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐌𝐎𝐑𝐄 𝐈𝐍𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐕𝐈𝐄𝐖𝐈𝐍𝐆.... 𝐏𝐥𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐜𝐭: 𝐉𝐎𝐄 𝐁𝐋𝐄𝐒𝐒 𝐇𝐎𝐌𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐏𝐄𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟗𝟔 Afuli

Anifowoshe Street, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet
Joe Bless Homes and Properties
Luxury 1 Bedroom Apartment — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
16
₦110,000 /day

Flat / apartment short let

Luxury 1 Bedroom Apartment

Millennial Our 1-bedroom apartment in a secured and serene estate at Lekki phase 1 - - 1-bedroom Price:110k per night Minimum stay:2 nights What you will experience: 24/7 Electricity 24/7 Security Super-fast Wifi Parking Space Housekeeping Clean Water Fully fitted Kitchen with modern appliances Netflix, YouTube Premium, Prime TV, DSTV Showmax Modern Interior Design Serene Environment Excellent Hospitality

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets
Dynastyhomesandshortlets
Mini Flat — Chevron Lekki Bera Estate, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
19
₦6,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Mini Flat

Just out !!! @chevron For Rent Direct brief a standout and very massive mini flat duplex with a very massive and standard kitchen Note : parlor is on ground floor room is upstairs location :bera estate Chevron drive rent :6M Sc:400k Agency 10% Legal 10% Caution 10% Constant light Personal prepaid meter Two toilets Closa

Chevron Lekki Bera Estate, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 2 baths 2 toilets 12 Parking
Emmi Agent
Furnished 1 Bedroom — Surulere, Lagos
Premium
13
₦100,000,000

Mini flat (room and parlour) for sale

Furnished 1 Bedroom

Take Advantage of The most exquisite and aesthetically pleasing one bedroom apartment in Surulere Lagos close to Tejuosho and Yaba Market Price : 100,000000 Perfect for Airbnb & Shortlet Investment purposes Earn as much as N90,000 - 120K Daily Facilities include: 24 hrs light Balcony view Smart TVs in all rooms Netflix / Amazon Prime / Dstv En-suite Rooms Smart Door lock High Quality Orthopaedic Beds Clean water system Inbuilt Speakers High Speed Internet connection Reach out to 08164868779 for inspection and more info

Surulere, Lagos
1 bed 2 baths 2 toilets 1 Parking
Mostfortunehomes
Exclusively Furnished 1 Bedroom Apartment with a Private Cinema — Admiralty Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
18
₦16,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Exclusively Furnished 1 Bedroom Apartment with a Private Cinema

Beautifully refined and well furnished contemporary 1 bedroom apartment in the heart of prime Lekki Phase 1, Lagos. This beautifully finished home offers spacious interiors, premium finishing and furnishings, serene surroundings, and the exclusivity that comes with one of Lekki's most sought-after communities. Ideal for both residential living and/or short-let use. Kindly note that the available unit is exquisitely furnished, and has a Private cinema. We are also open to 6-months offers. Contact Divine for further assistance, and to schedule a private inspection: +234(0)9058173425.

Admiralty Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet
Towering Realty Limited
Relatively New and a Excellent Mini Flat — Bariga, Shomolu, Lagos
Premium Verified Photos
8
₦2,500,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Relatively New and a Excellent Mini Flat

Built Recently Good road network to Island and everywhere on the main land Pop

Bariga, Shomolu, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 1 toilet 3 Parking
Amoks Homes and Properties
Luxury 1 Bedroom Mini Flat — Off Ojuelegba-Lawanson Road, Surulere, Lagos
Premium
5
₦2,500,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Luxury 1 Bedroom Mini Flat

Executive, very decent, standard and very spacious Mini flat at off Ojuelegba-Lawanson road, surulere with: - 2 toilet and bath - pop - personal meter - carpark - all other necessary amenities Easy access to the island and mainland. Rent: 2.5m (same place 2.6m, 2.8m per annum size difference) Caution: 150k Utility: 200k 1 & ½ yrs required Video available

Off Ojuelegba-Lawanson Road, Surulere, Lagos
1 bed 2 baths 2 toilets
Healthy Living Topnotch Properties
Fully Furnished Luxury Mini Flat — DPK District Estate, Orchid Road, Lekki, Lagos
Premium
7
₦6,000,000 /yr

Mini flat (room and parlour) for rent

Fully Furnished Luxury Mini Flat

Fully Furnished Mini Flat a luxury mini flat located in DPK District Estate, Orchid Road. The apartment comes with premium furnishings and appliances, including: Bed frame Artwork Couches Snooker table TV console Mirrors Gas cooker Microwave Refrigerator Air conditioners in the living room, bedroom, and kitchen Location: DPKay District Estate, Orchid Road, Lekki, Lagos Rent: ₦6M Per Annum Other Charges: - Legal: 10% - Agency: 10% - Caution: 10% - ⁠Service Charge: ₦700,000 For Enquiries & To schedule a site inspection or virtual inspection 🦺 Kindly send us an email - [email protected] DM or Call ️ 07062939348

DPK District Estate, Orchid Road, Lekki, Lagos
1 bed 1 bath 2 toilets 1 Parking
Paraklet Realty

Showing 401–421 of 8,226 properties

Area Guide

About Lagos, Nigeria

Lagos is a port and the most populous city in Nigeria. It is the second fastest-growing city in Africa and the seventh in the world. The population of Lagos according to the Lagos State Government, was 17.5 million. These figures are however disputed by the Nigerian Government and judged unreliable by the National Population Commission of Nigeria. The latest reports estimate the population at 21 million, making Lagos the largest city in Africa.

Lagos is a metropolitan area which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon while protected from the Atlantic Ocean by long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 kilometres (62 miles) east and west of the mouth. From the beginning, Lagos has expanded on the mainland west of the lagoon and the conurbation, including Ikeja (which is the capital of Lagos) and Agege, now reaches more than 40 kilometres (25 miles) north-west of Lagos Island. Some suburbs include IkoroduEpe and Badagry, and more local councils have recently been created, bringing the total number of local governments in Lagos to 57.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of 1 bedroom flats in Lagos is ₦3,500,000 per annum.

The price of the most expensive 1 bedroom flats in Lagos is ₦27,000,000 per annum.

The price of the cheapest 1 bedroom flats in Lagos is ₦300,000 per annum.

There are 8,226 available 1 bedroom flats in Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.