Nigeria Property Centre

Unfurnished Property for Sale in Lagos

There are 32,281 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale in Lagos as of 9 Aug 2026, with an average price of ₦350M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

5,281–5,301 of 32,281 properties for sale

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Luxury 2 Bedroom Condos with a BQ Under Construction
17 photos
₦350,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 2 Bedroom Condos with a BQ Under Construction

The Cello IV Lifestyle Condos is another remarkable luxury development by Leadroitt Realty Limited, tailored for individuals who appreciate quality living and solid investment opportunities. Location: Off Admiralty Road, Lekki Phase 1, Lagos. Property Type: Beautifully finished 2-bedroom Condos with BQ, designed with contemporary architecture and fitted with premium amenities for a refined lifestyle. Facilities: Swimming Pool Fully Fitted Gym Residents' Lounge 24/7 Concierge Services Reliable Power Supply Spacious Walk-in Closets High-Speed Internet Access Smart Lock Technology Drivers' Lounge Access-Controlled Elevators 24/7 Security with CCTV Monitoring and more Cello IV offers a perfect mix of style, comfort, and everyday functionality making it an excellent choice for both homeowners and investors seeking value and peace of mind. It will be delivered and maintained to outstanding 5-star standards, consistent with Leadroitt's proven track record. Construction: Ongoing Delivery: Q1, 2027 Purchase Price : ₦350M Initial Deposit: 20% 3 to 12 Months Payment Plan available a Development By Leadroitt. For further inquiries, presentation meetings, and site inspections, contact: Jamiu Adebayo Leadroitt Realty Limited 33B, Dr Omon Ebhomenye Street, Lekki Phase 1, Lagos 08183000017 (WhatsApp enabled) [email protected] www.leadroittrealty.com

The Cello Iv - Off Admiralty Road, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 Beds 3 Baths 3 Toilets

Leadroitt Realty LTD

Verified Agent

Newly Built 4 Bedroom Semi-Detached House with a Room BQ
Premium
25
₦800,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

Newly Built 4 Bedroom Semi-Detached House with a Room BQ

Newly Built 4 Bedroom Semi-Detached House with a Room Bq For Sale. 4 Units of Semi-Detached House Features: - An anteroom on the ground floor - Fitted kitchen - Fitted with Air Conditioning Units - Dinning area - Spacious livingroom - Balcony - All rooms en-suite - Private car park space for each unit - Located in a serene and secured environment - Prime location, e.t.c. Price Listing: 800 million naira Location: Victoria Island, Lagos. For Further Enquiries and Inspection Bookings, Kindly Contact Aruofeg Enterprise: 08074577210 or 08057989376

Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
Aruofeg Enterprise
Premium
₦5,000,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Land Measuring 500 SQM

Prime Land Measuring 500 sqm in Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos This is a rare opportunity to acquire a premium residential plot in the heart of Old Ikoyi, one of Lagos' most prestigious and exclusive neighborhoods. Ideally situated on the serene and highly sought-after Old Ikoyi neighborhood, this 500 square metre parcel presents an exceptional opportunity for discerning buyers seeking to build a bespoke luxury residence or secure a premium investment in an area renowned for its prestige and enduring value. Nestled within a tranquil, secure environment and surrounded by elegant residences, diplomatic missions, and upscale developments, this property offers the perfect setting for sophisticated living. Prime plots on quiet streets such as Old Ikoyi are increasingly scarce, making this an outstanding opportunity to acquire a valuable asset in a high-demand luxury market. Whether for personal development or long-term investment, this property promises enduring value and excellent returns. Property Highlights Prime location Peaceful, secure, and highly sought-after residential environment Excellent road network with seamless access to Bourdillon Road, Lugard Avenue, Alfred Rewane Road, and Victoria Island Surrounded by luxury homes, embassies, diplomatic residences, and premium developments Development-ready site with excellent investment potential Strong capital appreciation in one of Lagos' most exclusive real estate markets ** Ideal Development Opportunities - Luxury Detached Residence - Contemporary Smart Home - Executive Family Residence - Private Residential Villa - Investment Property - Long-Term Land Banking Title: land certificate Price: N5,000,000 per sqm Survey - available Image code: CPP LD410 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call, +234 813 868 2907 or, +234 911 064 9112

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
500 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
Premium
₦4,500,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Development Land Measuring 2050 SQM

Prime Development Land Measuring 2050 sqm in Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos This is an exceptional opportunity to acquire a premium development site in the heart of Banana Island, Ikoyi; Nigeria's most prestigious and exclusive residential community. Strategically located in Banana Island neighborhood, this expansive 2,050 square metre parcel offers an outstanding opportunity for luxury developers, investors, and high-net-worth individuals seeking to build a landmark project in one of Africa's most coveted addresses. Surrounded by world-class residences, state-of-the-art infrastructure, and an elite community, this property combines prestige, security, and exceptional long-term investment value. With limited land supply and consistently increasing demand, properties within the estate continue to deliver strong capital appreciation and excellent long-term returns. This 2,050 sqm development site presents a rare opportunity to secure a premium asset in a globally recognized luxury destination, making it ideal for both immediate development and long-term investment. Property Highlights Prime location Excellent road network and seamless accessibility Secure, gated, and meticulously planned environment Surrounded by luxury waterfront residences, upscale villas, and premium developments Ideal for immediate development Exceptional capital appreciation and investment potential One of the few premium development opportunities available in Banana Island *** Ideal Development Opportunities - Ultra-Luxury Detached Mansions - Premium Serviced Apartments - Luxury Condominium Development - Exclusive Residential Estate - Branded Residences - Private Family Compound - Investment Land Banking Title: Federal Govt C of O Price: N4,500,000 per sqm Image code: CPP LD409 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call, +234 813 868 2907 or, +234 911 064 9112

Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos
2050 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
Premium
₦5,000,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Land Measuring 500SQM

Prime Land measuring 500sqm in Ikoyi, Lagos This is an exceptional opportunity to acquire a premium residential plot in the prestigious Banana Island, Ikoyi. Strategically located on the highly sought-after Ikoyi neighborhood, this 500 square metre parcel presents an ideal investment for discerning buyers seeking to build a luxury residence or secure a valuable asset in one of Africa's most exclusive residential communities. With its prime location, secure title, and exceptional investment potential, this property offers the perfect foundation for a bespoke luxury home in a serene, secure, and world-class neighborhood. With limited land availability and consistently strong demand, properties within the estate continue to appreciate significantly. This 500 sqm plot in Ikoyi presents a rare opportunity to secure a premium address in an exclusive community known for its security, infrastructure, and exceptional lifestyle. Property Highlights Prime location Excellent road network and accessibility Secure, gated, and meticulously planned residential environment Surrounded by luxury mansions and premium developments Ideal for immediate development Strong capital appreciation and excellent investment potential ***Ideal Development Opportunities - Luxury Detached Residence - Contemporary Smart Home - Executive Family Residence - High-End Investment Property - Long-Term Land Banking Price: N5,000,000 per sqm Title; federal Govt C of O Survey available Image code: CPP LD408 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call, +234 813 868 2907 or, +234 911 064 9112

Ikoyi, Lagos
500 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility
Premium
17
₦620,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility

One unit left 5bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [ ] Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Luxury Bath - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - [ ] Ample parking space - ⁠[ ] BQ - ⁠[ ] Cinema - ⁠[ ] Swimming pool Location: Lekky county homes ikota lekki lagos Price: 620M Boss

Lekki County Home, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
4 Bedrooms Semi Detached Duplex with a BQ
Premium
16
₦420,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

4 Bedrooms Semi Detached Duplex with a BQ

4 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex , bq and toproof massive sit out in an estate in Ikota Location: Opposite Ikota Complex, Lagos. Price: 420M Features- - Ensuite rooms - Aesthetic pop ceilings - Spot lighting -Chandelier - Sound system - Masters suite - Spacious living room - Cctv cameras - Clean water -open terrace - Top quality tiles - Pantry -Master's suite - Walk-in closet - Walk-in shower - 4 parking spaces - Gate house - Secured estate -Cinema - Good access roads -Boys quater- Flood free Title : Governor's Consent 09064405649 0803 983 9260

Lake View Estate Opposite Ikota Complex, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets
Jossy Divine Properties Nig LTD
3376SQM of Land
Premium
1
₦1,600,000 per sq.m

Mixed-use land for sale

3376SQM of Land

Ikoyi land sale https://wa.link/f9gtn1 Description:* 3,376 SQM BareLand Title: Lagos State C of O Location: Ikoyi(Close to Passport Office) Price: 1.6m Per SQM Purpose: Mixed Use (If commercial, quiet commercial) Let's Go good luck 09064405649 0803 983 9260 https://jossydivinepropertiesnigltd.com

Ikoyi, Lagos
Jossy Divine Properties Nig LTD
Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility
Premium
21
₦1,500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility

Contemporary 5bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [ ] 2Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Luxury Bath - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - [ ] Ample parking space - ⁠[ ] 2BQ - ⁠[ ] Gym - ⁠[ ] Swimming pool - [ ] Elevator - [ ] Cinema Location: VGC lekki lagos Price: 1.5B

VGC, Lekki, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility
Premium
19
₦600,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility

Luxury 5bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [ ] Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Luxury Bath - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - [ ] Ample parking space - ⁠[ ] BQ - ⁠[ ] Cinema - ⁠[ ] Swimming pool Location: Lekky county homes ikota lekki lagos Price: 600M Boss

Lekki County Home, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
Premium
₦4,300,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Development Land Measuring 1000SQM

Prime Development Land Measuring 1000sqm in Ikoyi, Lagos This is an exceptional opportunity to acquire a premium parcel of land on the prestigious Ikoyi; one of Lagos' most exclusive and highly sought-after residential addresses. This 1,000 square metre property offers an outstanding investment opportunity for luxury developers, corporate organizations, and discerning investors seeking to develop in a prime location renowned for its prestige, security, and enduring value. Whether your vision is a luxury detached residence, premium serviced apartments, a boutique residential development, or an investment asset for long-term capital appreciation, this property provides the perfect foundation for a world-class project. Prime land in this location is increasingly scarce, making this property an exceptional acquisition for developers and investors seeking long-term value. Its strategic location, secure title, and development-ready status make it an ideal asset for those looking to create a landmark luxury project or expand their real estate portfolio in one of Lagos' most desirable neighborhoods. Property Highlights Prime location Excellent road network and seamless accessibility Secure, serene, and highly exclusive neighborhood Surrounded by luxury residences, embassies, diplomatic missions, and premium developments Suitable for immediate development Strong capital appreciation and outstanding investment potential One of Ikoyi's most desirable residential addresses *** Ideal Development Opportunities - Ultra-Luxury Detached Residence - Premium Serviced Apartments - Luxury Condominium Development - Executive Family Home - Diplomatic Residence - Boutique Residential Development - Investment Land Banking Title: Federal Govt C of O Price: N4,300,000 per sqm Survey available Image code: CPP LD407 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call, +234 813 868 2907 or, +234 911 064 9112

Ikoyi, Lagos
1000 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility
Premium
20
₦400,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 5-Bedroom Detached Duplex with Excellent Facility

Luxury 5bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [ ] Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - ⁠[ ] BQ - ⁠[ ] Swimming pool - [ ] Cinema Location : lekki county home ikota lagos nigeria Price: 400M

Lekki County Home, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
Newly Built 3 Bedroom Apartment
Premium
10
₦135,000,000

Block of flats for sale

Newly Built 3 Bedroom Apartment

Newly built 3 bedroom apartment Location: Gbagada, Lagos Price: N135 Million Title: Registered Conveyance features - Fitted Kitchen with accessories - Brand New - Modern Day pop Ceiling - Detailed finishing - Wardrobes - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - Serene environment less

Gbagada, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets 2 Parking
Brookstel Properties LTD
Luxury 3-Bedroom Flat with Excellent Facility
Premium
13
₦150,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 3-Bedroom Flat with Excellent Facility

For sales newly built 3 bedroom apartment Location: GBAGADA,Lagos Price: 150M Title: Registered Conveyance features - Fitted Kitchen with accessories - Brand New - Modern Day pop Ceiling - Detailed finishing - Wardrobes - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - Serene environment Boss

Gbagada, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
Davochi Real Homes LTD.
3 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex
Premium
10
₦170,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

3 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex

For sale 3 bed&bq 170 million ikota , lekki, lagos For Sale: 3 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex with BQ Price: 170 Million naria Features: - All Rooms Ensuite - Stamped Concrete Floor - Water Heater - Water Treatment Location: Ikota, Lekki, Lagos,Nigeria. Title: CofO & Building Approval.

Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
Cool Realty Homes & Properties
Premium
₦3,500,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Corner-Piece of a Fully Detached Dilapidated House on 2, 700SQM

Prime Corner-piece of a Fully Detached Dilapidated House Sitting on 2,700sqm Land in Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos This is an exceptional opportunity to acquire a prime corner-piece redevelopment property in the prestigious Old Ikoyi. Strategically located along the highly coveted Old Ikoyi, this expansive property comprises a fully detached dilapidated house sitting on a generous 2,700 square metres of land, offering an ideal canvas for a landmark luxury development. Corner-piece properties in Ikoyi are highly sought after for their superior accessibility, enhanced frontage, architectural flexibility, and exceptional long-term investment value. Whether you're a luxury developer, institutional investor, or high-net-worth individual, this property presents a rare opportunity to secure a premium asset in one of Lagos' most exclusive neighborhoods. Large corner-piece properties in Ikoyi rarely come to market, making this an exceptional acquisition for investors and developers seeking a premium redevelopment opportunity. Its prime location, substantial land size, and secure Federal Certificate of Occupancy combine to create a high-value asset with significant potential for capital appreciation and premium returns. Property Highlights Prime corner-piece location with excellent frontage Prestigious address Existing structure suitable for redevelopment Excellent road network and seamless accessibility Surrounded by luxury residences, embassies, diplomatic missions, and premium commercial developments Secure, serene, and highly exclusive environment Outstanding redevelopment and investment potential Strong capital appreciation in one of Lagos' most prestigious real estate corridors ***Ideal Development Opportunities - Ultra-Luxury Detached Residence - Luxury Residential Estate - Premium Serviced Apartments - High-End Condominium Development - Diplomatic Residence - Corporate Guest House - Boutique Luxury Development - Investment Land Banking Title: Federal C of O Price: NGN3,500,000 / sqmt Image code: CPP LD406 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call, +234 813 868 2907 or, +234 911 064 9112

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
2700 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
Premium
₦3,500,000 per sq.m

Land for sale

Prime Corner-Piece of a Fully Detached Dilapidated House on 2, 700SQM

Prime Corner-piece of a Fully Detached Dilapidated House Sitting on 2,700sqm Land in Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos This is an exceptional opportunity to acquire a prime corner-piece redevelopment property in the prestigious Old Ikoyi. Strategically located along the highly coveted Old Ikoyi, this expansive property comprises a fully detached dilapidated house sitting on a generous 2,700 square metres of land, offering an ideal canvas for a landmark luxury development. Corner-piece properties in Ikoyi are highly sought after for their superior accessibility, enhanced frontage, architectural flexibility, and exceptional long-term investment value. Whether you're a luxury developer, institutional investor, or high-net-worth individual, this property presents a rare opportunity to secure a premium asset in one of Lagos' most exclusive neighborhoods. Large corner-piece properties in Ikoyi rarely come to market, making this an exceptional acquisition for investors and developers seeking a premium redevelopment opportunity. Its prime location, substantial land size, and secure Federal Certificate of Occupancy combine to create a high-value asset with significant potential for capital appreciation and premium returns. Property Highlights Prime corner-piece location with excellent frontage Prestigious address Existing structure suitable for redevelopment Excellent road network and seamless accessibility Surrounded by luxury residences, embassies, diplomatic missions, and premium commercial developments Secure, serene, and highly exclusive environment Outstanding redevelopment and investment potential Strong capital appreciation in one of Lagos' most prestigious real estate corridors ***Ideal Development Opportunities - Ultra-Luxury Detached Residence - Luxury Residential Estate - Premium Serviced Apartments - High-End Condominium Development - Diplomatic Residence - Corporate Guest House - Boutique Luxury Development - Investment Land Banking Title: Federal C of O Price: NGN3,500,000 / sqmt Image code: CPP LD406 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call, +234 813 868 2907 or, +234 911 064 9112

Old Ikoyi, Ikoyi, Lagos
2700 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
Contemporary 6 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex
Premium
16
₦5,000,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Contemporary 6 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex

Contemporary 6bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Amenities: - [ ] Fitted Kitchen with accessories - [ ] Modern Day pop Ceiling - [ ] Detailed finishing - [ ] Wardrobes - [ ] Luxury Finishing - [ ] Water heater - [ ] Heat extractor - ⁠[ ] BQ - ⁠[ ] Swimming pool - [ ] Cinema - [ ] Open Terrace - [ ] Elevator Location : Ikoyi Lagos Nigeria Price: : 5B Negotiable

Ikoyi, Lagos
6 Beds
Nazeef247 Homes and Properties LTD
We Build This Beautiful 4 Bedroom with a BQ
Premium
9
₦120,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

We Build This Beautiful 4 Bedroom with a BQ

Now selling WE build this beautiful edifice and WE are 100% done its a 2 unit of 4bed & BQ fully detached (FRONT unit and back UNIT) call for inspection: +234 810 628 6768 Location : No 15, Oye olorun street, elesekan bus stop, Bogije, Ajah, Lagos brandnew 4bed & BQ fully detach II 140 & 120 million bogije ajah'lagos For Sale brandnew 4 Bedroom Fully Detach Duplex Price: Front Unit 140 Million Naira Price: Back Unit 120 Million Naira location : Bogije, Ajah, Lagos Features: - All Rooms Ensuite - ⁠Chandelier - ⁠Spacious Compound - ⁠Microwave - ⁠Heat Extractor - ⁠Oven - Stamped Concrete Floor - Water Heater - Walk in closet Title Document : Deed of Assignment and Registered Survey

No 15, Oye Olorun Street, Elesekan Bus Stop, Ajah, Bogije, Ibeju Lekki, Lagos
4 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 6 Parking
Cool Realty Homes & Properties
2 Bedroom and BQ Terraced in a Secured and Serviced Estate
Premium
9
₦90,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

2 Bedroom and BQ Terraced in a Secured and Serviced Estate

Brandnew 2bed & BQ terrace II 90 million ajah'lagos For Sale brandnew 2 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with Bq in a serene, secured and service estate Price: 90 Million Naira location : Atican BeachView Estate, Beside Costal Road, Okun Ajah, Lekki, Lagos Features: - All Rooms Ensuite - ⁠Chandelier - ⁠Spacious Compound - ⁠Microwave - ⁠Heat Extractor - ⁠Oven - Stamped Concrete Floor - Water Heater - Walk in closet Title Document : CofO & Governor consent

Atican Beachview Estate, Beside Costal Road, Okun Ajah, Ajah, Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets
Cool Realty Homes & Properties
400SQM Bare Land
Premium
2
₦850,000,000

Mixed-use land for sale

400SQM Bare Land

400sqm . Bareland ready for immediate development. Title: Land Certificate. Price: ₦850 million Net. Location: Off Awolowo Road, South West Ikoyi, Lagos. For inspections and more information, please contact Heights of Splendour Ltd. muAN

South West, Ikoyi, Lagos
400 sqm
Heights of Splendour LTD

Showing 5,281–5,301 of 32,281 properties

Area Guide

About Lagos, Nigeria

Lagos is a port and the most populous city in Nigeria. It is the second fastest-growing city in Africa and the seventh in the world. The population of Lagos according to the Lagos State Government, was 17.5 million. These figures are however disputed by the Nigerian Government and judged unreliable by the National Population Commission of Nigeria. The latest reports estimate the population at 21 million, making Lagos the largest city in Africa.

Lagos is a metropolitan area which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon while protected from the Atlantic Ocean by long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 kilometres (62 miles) east and west of the mouth. From the beginning, Lagos has expanded on the mainland west of the lagoon and the conurbation, including Ikeja (which is the capital of Lagos) and Agege, now reaches more than 40 kilometres (25 miles) north-west of Lagos Island. Some suburbs include IkoroduEpe and Badagry, and more local councils have recently been created, bringing the total number of local governments in Lagos to 57.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Lagos is ₦350,000,000.

The price of the most expensive furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Lagos is ₦9,000,000,000.

The price of the cheapest furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Lagos is ₦2,700,000.

There are 32,281 available furnished flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Lagos. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.