There are 21,211 land for sale across Nigeria as of 29 Sep 2026, with an average price of ₦250M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.
Premium 500SQM Plots with Government-Approved Excision
Casa Haven Estate -- ibeju-lekki, lagos Own a 500sqm plot in a well-planned residential estate with a serene ambience---ideal for building your private home and smart land banking in the fast-growing Ibeju-Lekki corridor. Price: ₦5,000,000 per plot Plot Size: 500sqm Title: Government Approved Excision Documentation: Deed of Assignment + Survey Initial Deposit: ₦500,000 Payment Plan: Flexible instalment options available (T&C apply) Allocation: Allocation is done immediately after full payment is completed. Estate Features (Phased): Gatehouse & security Perimeter demarcation/fencing Good road network Drainage system Streetlights Potable water (planned) Location Advantage: Strategically located within the Ibeju-Lekki axis with access to major developments and lifestyle attractions including La Campagne Tropicana and the Lekki Free Trade Zone corridor. Inspection & Enquiries: Inspections available --- Call/WhatsApp now to get the brochure, layout and payment schedule.
Tap a number to start a call. Standard call rates may apply.
₦5,500,000per sq.m
Land for sale
Prime Land Measuring 5,468.75 SQM
Prime Land Measuring 5,468.75 sqm in Bourdillon Road, Ikoyi, Lagos This is a rare and substantial 5,468.75sqm land parcel strategically positioned along the prestigious Bourdillon Road, Ikoyi, presenting a compelling opportunity for developers, investors and institutions seeking a sizeable landholding in one of Lagos' most exclusive neighbourhoods. With its prime location, substantial land size and secure Lagos State title, the property is well positioned for a landmark development project, subject to applicable planning and development approvals. The substantial land size offers developers considerable flexibility in conceptualising a premium project. Potential development concepts may include: Luxury Residential Development - Premium Apartments - High-End Mixed-Use Development - Corporate/Commercial Development - Hospitality Project - Institutional Development Final development use, density, height and planning parameters are subject to the applicable Lagos State planning regulations and approvals. Bourdillon Road is synonymous with prime Ikoyi real estate, offering an address associated with exclusivity, prestige and high-value property development. The property's sizeable footprint makes it particularly attractive to developers looking beyond individual residential plots and seeking a strategic landholding capable of supporting a significant development scheme. This is a rare large-scale land opportunity on Bourdillon Road, Ikoyi --- suitable for developers and investors seeking a strategic position for a premium development project. Serious and verified buyers are welcome for further details and inspection by prior arrangement. Price: N5,500,000 per sqm Size: 5,468.75 Sqm Title: Lagos state C of O Image Code: CPP LD449 To schedule a viewing, send a dm or call +234 813 868 2907 or +234 911 064 9112
Ikoyi, Lagos
5469 sqm
Casa Prime Realty
₦2,200,000,000
Land for sale
2000 SQM Land
[semi direct brief!] 2,000 SQM for sale Location: Olu-Akerele Street, Off Obafemi Awolowo Way, Ikeja. Asking Price: ₦2.2 Billion Title: Registered Deed of Conveyance
Olu-Akerele Street, Off Obafemi Awolowo Way, Ikeja, Lagos
2000 sqm
Propellr Homes
4
₦30,000,000per plot
Residential land for sale
Residential Land with Fcda C of O
500sqm of Residential Estate plot for 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Penthouse plus a BQ with fcda C of O title document strategically located Adjacent Gilmor Yard, Guzape 2.
Boulevard Estate, Guzape District, Abuja
500 sqm
Affluent Homes LTD.
₦75,000,000per plot
Land for sale
3 Plots of Land on Strategic Location
For sale 3 plots of land directly on Monastery Road Sangotedo for sale. Asking price: 75m per plot Title: Global C of O I'm talking to the mandate. Buyer will pay my fees. Jef
Monastery Road, Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos
1950 sqm
Michfranco Enterprises
₦800,000per sq.m
Land for sale
Prime 4,000SQM Land
CWL1797 a prime 4,000sqm parcel of land is available for sale in a highly strategic location in Lekki, Lagos, situated within the estate before Orange Island. This substantial landholding presents a rare opportunity for developers, investors, corporate organizations, and high-net-worth individuals seeking a sizeable property in one of Lekki's rapidly developing and highly sought-after corridors. With 4,000sqm of land and a secure Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) title, the property offers a strong foundation for a major development project. Its strategic positioning along the Freedom Way axis provides excellent connectivity to surrounding residential communities, commercial destinations, and other key parts of the Lekki corridor. Property Features Land Size: 4,000sqm Location:Lekki, Lagos Position: Within the estate before Orange Island Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Prime and strategic location Substantial land size Suitable for large-scale development Excellent accessibility Strong investment potential Ideal for long-term land banking or immediate development Development Potential The impressive 4,000sqm land size provides ample room for a variety of high-value development concepts, subject to applicable planning regulations and approvals. The property can be considered for premium residential developments, luxury apartments, serviced residences, commercial projects, corporate facilities, or other suitable large-scale real estate developments. Its location on the Freedom Way corridor, combined with its proximity to Orange Island and other emerging developments, enhances its potential as a strategic investment and development asset. Investment Opportunity Large parcels of titled land in strategic Lekki locations offer investors an opportunity to secure substantial assets in areas experiencing continued development and increasing real estate activity. The C of O title further strengthens the property's appeal, while the sizeable land area allows developers to pursue projects capable of generating significant long-term value. Ideal For This property is particularly suitable for: Real Estate Developers Property Investment Companies Corporate Organizations Commercial Developers Residential Developers Land Bankers High-Net-Worth Investors Whether you're looking to undertake a major development or secure a sizeable land asset for future appreciation, this 4,000sqm property on Freedom Way presents a compelling opportunity. Price ₦800,000 per sqm Total Asking Price: ₦3.2 Billion Price is slightly negotiable for a serious buyer. Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Lekki, Lagos
C W Real Estate
ADVERTISEMENTResponsive
₦3,200,000,000
Land for sale
Prime 4,000SQM Land
CWL1797 a prime 4,000sqm parcel of land is available for sale in a highly strategic location in Lekki, Lagos, situated within the estate before Orange Island. This substantial landholding presents a rare opportunity for developers, investors, corporate organizations, and high-net-worth individuals seeking a sizeable property in one of Lekki's rapidly developing and highly sought-after corridors. With 4,000sqm of land and a secure Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) title, the property offers a strong foundation for a major development project. Its strategic positioning along the Freedom Way axis provides excellent connectivity to surrounding residential communities, commercial destinations, and other key parts of the Lekki corridor. Property Features Land Size: 4,000sqm Location:Lekki, Lagos Position: Within the estate before Orange Island Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Prime and strategic location Substantial land size Suitable for large-scale development Excellent accessibility Strong investment potential Ideal for long-term land banking or immediate development Development Potential The impressive 4,000sqm land size provides ample room for a variety of high-value development concepts, subject to applicable planning regulations and approvals. The property can be considered for premium residential developments, luxury apartments, serviced residences, commercial projects, corporate facilities, or other suitable large-scale real estate developments. Its location on the Freedom Way corridor, combined with its proximity to Orange Island and other emerging developments, enhances its potential as a strategic investment and development asset. Investment Opportunity Large parcels of titled land in strategic Lekki locations offer investors an opportunity to secure substantial assets in areas experiencing continued development and increasing real estate activity. The C of O title further strengthens the property's appeal, while the sizeable land area allows developers to pursue projects capable of generating significant long-term value. Ideal For This property is particularly suitable for: Real Estate Developers Property Investment Companies Corporate Organizations Commercial Developers Residential Developers Land Bankers High-Net-Worth Investors Whether you're looking to undertake a major development or secure a sizeable land asset for future appreciation, this 4,000sqm property on Freedom Way presents a compelling opportunity. Price ₦800,000 per sqm Total Asking Price: ₦3.2 Billion Price is slightly negotiable for a serious buyer. Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Lekki, Lagos
C W Real Estate
2
₦21,000,000per plot
Residential land for sale
Residential Land with Fcda C of O
350sqm of Residential Estate plot for 4 Bedroom Semi-Detached Penthouse plus a BQ with fcda C of O title document strategically located Adjacent Gilmor Yard, Guzape 2.
Boulevard Estate, Guzape District, Abuja
350 sqm
Affluent Homes LTD.
3
₦15,000,000per plot
Residential land for sale
Residential Land with Fcda C of O
250sqm of Residential Estate plot for 4 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with fcda C of O title document strategically located Adjacent Gilmor Yard, Guzape 2.
Boulevard Estate, Guzape District, Abuja
250 sqm
Affluent Homes LTD.
1
₦9,000,000,000
Land for sale
Residential Land
Bareland for sale Land size: 2,000 Sqm Title: Fed C of O Price: N4.5m per Sqm Location: Iru Close, Off Queen's drive, Ikoyi. Oladele
Iru Close, Off Queen's Drive, Ikoyi, Lagos
2000 sqm
Flowtouch Properties
2
₦850,000per sq.m
Residential land for sale
Prime Plots of Land
We have plots measuring 560ms to 2700m. Located along tarred roads behind updc romay Garden Title registered
Ikate Elegushi, Lekki, Lagos
Vallecano Ventures
ADVERTISEMENT750 × 120
3
₦25,000,000
Residential land for sale
Residential Land
Island meadows Strategically located at Iberokodo Scheme, opposite Pan Atlantic University, Ibeju-Lekki, Island Meadows offers you a prime opportunity to own land in one of Lagos' fastest-growing investment corridors. Location: Iberokodo Scheme, Opp. Pan Atlantic University, Ibeju-Lekki Available plots & prices Residential - 300sqm --- ₦25M ₦3M Initial Deposit - 500sqm --- ₦32M ₦5M Initial Deposit Commercial - 1,000sqm --- ₦65M ₦10M Initial Deposit Prices include Survey, Deed, Fencing & Gatehouse only. Proposed features - Good Road Network - Regular Electricity - Street Lights - Water Supply - 24/7 Security - Estate Gatehouse - Eco-Friendly Design Major landmarks - Pan Atlantic University - Lekki Airport - Dangote Refinery - Lekki Deep Sea Port - Alaro City - Lekki Free Trade Zone Strategic Location. Solid Title. Strong Investment Potential. Secure your plot today and position yourself for tomorrow's wealth. For assistance: Call/dm 07088739045
Island Meadows, Iberokodo Scheme, Ibeju Lekki, Lagos
300 sqm
Edgeline Properties Limited
₦950,000per sq.m
Land for sale
Prime 600SQM Land
CWL1796 a prime opportunity to acquire strategically located land on the Lekki, Lagos. The property is available in various plot sizes, making it suitable for a wide range of investors and developers with different development requirements. Available sizes include 600sqm, 800sqm, 1,000sqm, 2,000sqm, and 5,000sqm, offering flexibility for both individual investors seeking a manageable landholding and developers looking for larger parcels for substantial projects. Situated within the rapidly developing Lekki corridor, the property benefits from its strategic location off Freedom Way, providing convenient access to major residential, commercial, and lifestyle destinations across Lekki. Property Features Available Sizes: 600sqm, 800sqm, 1,000sqm, 2,000sqm & 5,000sqm Location: Lekki, Lagos Title: Global C of O & Deed of Assignment Prime Lekki location Multiple size options available Suitable for residential development Ideal for investment and land banking Excellent accessibility Strong potential for capital appreciation Suitable for both individual and large-scale investors Development & Investment Potential The range of available land sizes makes this an attractive opportunity for different categories of investors. Smaller parcels can serve as strategic land investments or residential development sites, while the 2,000sqm and 5,000sqm options provide substantial space for developers seeking larger-scale projects. The Lekki corridor continues to experience significant residential and commercial expansion, increasing demand for well-positioned land. Its proximity to Freedom Way and other major connecting routes further enhances the property's accessibility and long-term investment appeal. Ideal For This opportunity is suitable for: Real Estate Developers Property Investors Individual Land Buyers Residential Developers Commercial Developers Land Bankers High-Net-Worth Investors Whether you're looking to build immediately or secure a strategic land asset for future development, these parcels offer an opportunity to invest in one of Lagos' highly sought-after growth corridors. Price ₦950,000 per sqm Available Sizes: - 600sqm - 800sqm - 1,000sqm - 2,000sqm - 5,000sqm Title: Global C of O & Deed of Assignment For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Lekki, Lagos
C W Real Estate
₦550,000,000
Residential land for sale
1120SQM Land
Fresh out guzape main plot for outright sale direct brief Land Size: 1,120.02m² plot 4800 location: Guzape District Abuja Purpose: Residential Title: Fcda C of O Price: 550 Million Naira Facilitator's Fee 5% video available NB: Available And Deliverable, So Act Fast.
Plot 4800, Guzape District, Abuja
1120 sqm
Favour- Land Realty
3
₦30,000,000per plot
Residential land for sale
500SQM of Estate Land at a Strategic Location with Fcda C of O
500sqm of Residential Estate plot for 5 Bedroom Detached Duplex with fcda C of O title document strategically located behind the newly commissioned walk city, Pyakasa.
Peace Crest Estate, Pykasa, Kabusa, Abuja
500 sqm
Affluent Homes LTD.
3
₦9,500,000per plot
Residential land for sale
150SQM of Estate Land at a Strategic Location, with Fcda C of O
150sqm of Residential Estate plot for 3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with fcda C of O title document strategically located behind the newly commissioned walk city, Pyakasa.
Peace Crest Estate Behind the Newly Commissioned Walk City Pyakasa, Kabusa, Abuja
150 sqm
Affluent Homes LTD.
₦9,000,000,000
Land for sale
Prime 2,800SQM Land
CWL1795 a prime 2,800sqm parcel of land is available for sale in the prestigious Victoria Island, Lagos. This substantial landholding presents a rare opportunity to acquire a sizeable asset in one of Lagos' most established and sought-after real estate districts. With its impressive land size and secure title, the property offers significant potential for developers, investors, and corporate organizations seeking a strategic location for a premium development. Victoria Island is renowned as a major commercial, residential, and business hub, making well-positioned land within the district highly desirable for both development and long-term investment. The size of this property provides ample room for a large-scale development concept, subject to applicable planning regulations and approvals. Property Features Land Size: 2,800sqm Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: Land Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Prime location in Victoria Island Substantial development landholding Suitable for high-value development Excellent investment opportunity Strong potential for long-term capital appreciation Located within a prestigious and established district Development Potential The expansive 2,800sqm site offers developers considerable flexibility to explore a variety of high-value projects, subject to zoning and planning approvals. The property could be considered for luxury residential apartments, serviced residences, commercial offices, corporate headquarters, hospitality development, or other suitable large-scale real estate projects. Its location within Victoria Island further enhances its investment appeal, offering proximity to major corporate offices, financial institutions, upscale residences, hospitality destinations, retail outlets, restaurants, and other key lifestyle and business amenities. Investment Opportunity Large parcels of land in prime Victoria Island locations are increasingly valuable due to the area's established infrastructure, strong commercial activity, and sustained demand for premium real estate. This property offers investors the opportunity to secure a substantial land asset with a Certificate of Occupancy, suitable for strategic development or long-term portfolio investment. Ideal For This property is particularly suitable for: Real Estate Developers Corporate Investors Property Investment Companies Hospitality Developers High-Net-Worth Investors Institutional Investors With its 2,800sqm size, prime Victoria Island location, and C of O title, this is an exceptional opportunity for investors seeking a sizeable and strategically positioned land asset in Lagos. Price ₦9,000,000,000 For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
C W Real Estate
₦9,000,000,000
Land for sale
Prime 2,800SQM Land
CWL1795 a prime 2,800sqm parcel of land is available for sale in the prestigious Victoria Island, Lagos. This substantial landholding presents a rare opportunity to acquire a sizeable asset in one of Lagos' most established and sought-after real estate districts. With its impressive land size and secure title, the property offers significant potential for developers, investors, and corporate organizations seeking a strategic location for a premium development. Victoria Island is renowned as a major commercial, residential, and business hub, making well-positioned land within the district highly desirable for both development and long-term investment. The size of this property provides ample room for a large-scale development concept, subject to applicable planning regulations and approvals. Property Features Land Size: 2,800sqm Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: Land Title: Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) Prime location in Victoria Island Substantial development landholding Suitable for high-value development Excellent investment opportunity Strong potential for long-term capital appreciation Located within a prestigious and established district Development Potential The expansive 2,800sqm site offers developers considerable flexibility to explore a variety of high-value projects, subject to zoning and planning approvals. The property could be considered for luxury residential apartments, serviced residences, commercial offices, corporate headquarters, hospitality development, or other suitable large-scale real estate projects. Its location within Victoria Island further enhances its investment appeal, offering proximity to major corporate offices, financial institutions, upscale residences, hospitality destinations, retail outlets, restaurants, and other key lifestyle and business amenities. Investment Opportunity Large parcels of land in prime Victoria Island locations are increasingly valuable due to the area's established infrastructure, strong commercial activity, and sustained demand for premium real estate. This property offers investors the opportunity to secure a substantial land asset with a Certificate of Occupancy, suitable for strategic development or long-term portfolio investment. Ideal For This property is particularly suitable for: Real Estate Developers Corporate Investors Property Investment Companies Hospitality Developers High-Net-Worth Investors Institutional Investors With its 2,800sqm size, prime Victoria Island location, and C of O title, this is an exceptional opportunity for investors seeking a sizeable and strategically positioned land asset in Lagos. Price ₦9,000,000,000 For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
C W Real Estate
₦2,000,000,000
Land for sale
Prime 708SQM Land
CWL1794 a rare opportunity to acquire a prime 708sqm mixed-use land in the prestigious and highly sought-after Victoria Island (VI), Lagos. Strategically located within one of Lagos' most established business and residential districts, this property offers exceptional potential for investors and developers seeking a sizeable land asset for residential or commercial development. The property's mixed-use potential provides flexibility for a variety of high-value development concepts, making it suitable for luxury residential apartments, serviced apartments, office spaces, corporate facilities, commercial buildings, or other approved mixed-use projects, subject to applicable planning regulations. Victoria Island remains a prime destination for businesses, professionals, investors, and residents, with strong demand for strategically located properties. This makes the land an attractive option for developers looking to create a premium project while benefiting from the long-term investment potential of the VI real estate market. Property Features Land Size: 708sqm Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: Mixed-Use Land Permitted Use: Residential / Commercial Title: Governor's Consent Prime location in Victoria Island Suitable for residential development Suitable for commercial development Excellent accessibility and visibility Ideal for premium real estate projects Strong investment and capital appreciation potential Development Potential The generous 708sqm land size, combined with its mixed-use designation, creates room for developers to explore a range of strategic development options. Whether developed as a premium residential scheme, serviced apartment project, corporate office facility, commercial property, or a suitable combination of residential and commercial uses, the property offers considerable potential for value creation. Its location in Victoria Island further enhances its appeal, placing future development within a highly desirable environment with proximity to major business districts, upscale residences, hospitality establishments, retail destinations, corporate offices, and other essential amenities. Ideal For This property is particularly suited to real estate developers, property investors, corporate organizations, hospitality investors, and high-net-worth individuals seeking a prime landholding in one of Lagos' most prestigious locations. With a secure Governor's Consent title, substantial land size, and flexible mixed-use potential, this is an excellent opportunity for investors looking to secure a strategic asset in Victoria Island for development, income generation, or long-term capital appreciation. Price ₦2,000,000,000 For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
C W Real Estate
₦2,000,000,000
Land for sale
Prime 708SQM Land
CWL1794 a rare opportunity to acquire a prime 708sqm mixed-use land in the prestigious and highly sought-after Victoria Island (VI), Lagos. Strategically located within one of Lagos' most established business and residential districts, this property offers exceptional potential for investors and developers seeking a sizeable land asset for residential or commercial development. The property's mixed-use potential provides flexibility for a variety of high-value development concepts, making it suitable for luxury residential apartments, serviced apartments, office spaces, corporate facilities, commercial buildings, or other approved mixed-use projects, subject to applicable planning regulations. Victoria Island remains a prime destination for businesses, professionals, investors, and residents, with strong demand for strategically located properties. This makes the land an attractive option for developers looking to create a premium project while benefiting from the long-term investment potential of the VI real estate market. Property Features Land Size: 708sqm Location: Victoria Island, Lagos Property Type: Mixed-Use Land Permitted Use: Residential / Commercial Title: Governor's Consent Prime location in Victoria Island Suitable for residential development Suitable for commercial development Excellent accessibility and visibility Ideal for premium real estate projects Strong investment and capital appreciation potential Development Potential The generous 708sqm land size, combined with its mixed-use designation, creates room for developers to explore a range of strategic development options. Whether developed as a premium residential scheme, serviced apartment project, corporate office facility, commercial property, or a suitable combination of residential and commercial uses, the property offers considerable potential for value creation. Its location in Victoria Island further enhances its appeal, placing future development within a highly desirable environment with proximity to major business districts, upscale residences, hospitality establishments, retail destinations, corporate offices, and other essential amenities. Ideal For This property is particularly suited to real estate developers, property investors, corporate organizations, hospitality investors, and high-net-worth individuals seeking a prime landholding in one of Lagos' most prestigious locations. With a secure Governor's Consent title, substantial land size, and flexible mixed-use potential, this is an excellent opportunity for investors looking to secure a strategic asset in Victoria Island for development, income generation, or long-term capital appreciation. Price ₦2,000,000,000 For more Information, Pricing and Private Viewings Please Contact: Ebun: 07048089358 Lilian: 09062511340 Email: [email protected] We are Social! Check out other Fantastic Premium Listings on our Social Media Platforms IG: @cwrelagos Twitter: @cwrelagos Facebook: @cwrealestate
Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
C W Real Estate
4
₦255,000,000
Residential land for sale
Residential Land
Flat land size 1800 square meter of land for sale in Lifecamp. Purpose: Residential 255m slightly negotiable C of O Handy. Brokers fee 5%. Inspection fee 20k. Agency 5%.
Life Camp, Abuja
1800 sqm
Ihotu Blocks $ Properties LTD
Showing 10,741–10,761 of 21,211 properties
ADVERTISEMENTResponsive
FAQ
Frequently asked questions
The average price of land for sale in Nigeria is ₦250,000,000.
Most land for sale in Nigeria are priced between ₦55,000,000 and ₦1,200,000,000.
Prices for land for sale in Nigeria go up to around ₦23,000,000,000.
Prices for land for sale in Nigeria start from around ₦11,000,000.
There are 21,211 available land for sale in Nigeria. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.
