Nigeria Property Centre

Land for Sale in Lugbe District, Abuja

There are 307 land for sale in Lugbe District. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Land with Fcda C of O
7 photos
₦8,500,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

Land with Fcda C of O

Hutu prestige polo lake resort is situated within the hutu Abuja, before the Centenary City, Airport Road Abuja. Title: Fcda C of O We have: *150sqm going for 8.5 Million Naira For more info Call/WhatsApp: 07065473396

Hutu Prestige Polo Lake Resort, Before Centenary City, Airport Road., Sabon Lugbe, Lugbe District, Abuja
2 Parking 150 sqm

Peplux Homes and Properties LTD

Buy and Build
Premium
1 Video
₦102,060,000

Land for sale

Buy and Build

Hutu Properties is a smart choice for long-term growth and wealth creation. Invest today and watch your property appreciate over time.fcda cofo 750sqm 102.060M DM for enquires and inspection:08133484457 Site Inspection is free

Sabo Lugbe, Sabon Lugbe, Lugbe District, Abuja
750 sqm
Cletophomesltd
Buy and Build Land
Premium
6
₦20,412,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

Buy and Build Land

Good news! A well-located 150sqm plot is now available at Hutu, Airport Road. It's a great opportunity for anyone looking to build a home or make a smart real estate investment in a fast-developing area. Secure your plot today before it's gone. 150sqm 20,412,000 million Contact Cletophomesltd for more information and inspection. 08133484457

Sabon Lugbe, Lugbe District, Abuja
150 sqm
Cletophomesltd
400SQM. Estate Plot for Duplex
Premium
3
₦15,000,000

Residential land for sale

400SQM. Estate Plot for Duplex

Promo Offer in Goldmind Estate Pyakasa: A Fantastic And Well Located Estate Land In a Built Up Area In Lugbe By Pyakasa, airport road Abuja -Nigeria. The Approved Building Prototype Is 4Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with B.Q The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. This Is An Estate Where You Will Love To Train Your Children. Highly Secured And Free From Air And Noise Pollution. Building Prototype: 4Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with B.Q Promo Price = 15Million (15,000,000). Land Size: 400Square Meters. Note: 5% Profession Fee Apply. Title: Rofo And Estate Allocation. Features: - Good Accessibility - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment - Has Good Value For Rent/Resale Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja - Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M5.JUL.26)

By Pyakasa, Airport Road, Pyakasa, Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 400 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
250SQM. Estate Plot for Terrace
Premium
4
₦8,000,000

Residential land for sale

250SQM. Estate Plot for Terrace

Promo Offer in Goldmind Estate Pyakasa: A Fantastic And Well Located Estate Land In a Built Up Area In Lugbe By Pyakasa, airport road Abuja -Nigeria. The Approved Building Prototype Is 3Bedroom Terrace with B.Q The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. This Is An Estate Where You Will Love To Train Your Children. Highly Secured And Free From Air And Noise Pollution. Building Prototype: 3Bedroom Terrace with B.Q Promo Price = 8Million (8,000,000). Land Size: 250Square Meters. Note: 5% Profession Fee Apply. Title: Rofo And Estate Allocation. Features: - Good Accessibility - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment - Has Good Value For Rent/Resale Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja - Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M2.JUL.26)

By Pyakasa, Airport Road, Pyakasa, Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 250 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
2 Serial Residential Land for Sale Size: 1, 200SQM
Premium
5
₦100,000,000

Residential land for sale

2 Serial Residential Land for Sale Size: 1, 200SQM

Promo Offer: A Fantastic And Well Located 2 serial Residential Land In a Built Up Area in fha lugbe district, Abuja Nigeria. Features: - Purpose: Residential Land. - Location: Lugbe district - Price: 100Million (100,000,000). - Land Size: 600 Square Meters. - Title: Fha allocation. - Good Accessibility - Nearest To School, Hospital, Market, Hotel Etc - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed Or Undeveloped. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja -- Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M4B.JUL.26)

Fha (F.h.a), Lugbe District, Abuja
10 Parking 1200 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
Residential Land for Sale . Size: 600SQM
Premium
5
₦50,000,000

Residential land for sale

Residential Land for Sale . Size: 600SQM

Promo Offer: A Fantastic And Well Located Residential Land In a Built Up Area in fha lugbe district, Abuja Nigeria. Features: - Purpose: Residential Land. - Location: Lugbe district - Price: 50Million (50,000,000). - Land Size: 600 Square Meters. - Title: Fha allocation. - Good Accessibility - Nearest To School, Hospital, Market, Hotel Etc - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed Or Undeveloped. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja -- Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M4A.JUL.26)

Fha (F.h.a), Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 600 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
Residential Land with Fence Size: 800SQM
Premium
12
₦70,000,000

Residential land for sale

Residential Land with Fence Size: 800SQM

Promo Offer: A Fantastic And Well Located Residential Land with fence In a Built Up Area in fha lugbe district, Abuja Nigeria. Features: - Purpose: Residential Land. - Location: Fha lugbe district - Price: 70Million (70,000,000). - Land Size: 800 Square Meters. - Title: Fha allocation. - Good Accessibility - Nearest To School, Hospital, Market, Hotel Etc - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed Or Undeveloped. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja -- Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M3.JUL.26)

Fha (F.h.a), Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 800 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
Residential Land with Fence. Size: 600SQM:
Premium
6
₦20,000,000

Residential land for sale

Residential Land with Fence. Size: 600SQM:

Promo Offer: A Fantastic And Well Located Residential Land with fence In a Tarred Road And Built Up Area behind amac market, lugbe district, Abuja Nigeria. Features:  Purpose: Residential Land.  Location: Lugbe district  Price: 20Million (20,000,000).  Land Size: 600 Square Meters.  Title: R of O.  Good Accessibility  Nearest To School, Hospital, Market, Hotel Etc  Good For Residential Purposes  Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed Or Undeveloped. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja -- Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M2.JUL.26)

Fha (F.h.a), Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 600 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
850 SQM Residential Land
Premium Verified Photos
4
₦50,000,000

Residential land for sale

850 SQM Residential Land

850 Sqm Fenced Residential Land

CRD Estate, Lugbe District, Abuja
Lai Taiwo & Co
400SQM Estate Land in Strategic Location
Premium Verified Photos
9
₦15,000,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

400SQM Estate Land in Strategic Location

Estate Land in Strategic Location available for sale at Conqueror's Niche 2 Title: R of O Prototype: 4 bedroom fully detached duplex

Conqueror's Niche 2, Lugbe District, Abuja
400 sqm
Affluent Homes LTD.
450SQM Residential Land
Premium
2
₦12,000,000

Residential land for sale

450SQM Residential Land

Lugbe District, Abuja
Jes Unique
3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex
Premium
9
₦20,412,000

Residential land for sale

3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex

Hutu Exclusive is a premium golf and resort estate in Abuja developed by Mshel Homes. Located along Airport Road just before Centenary City, it is designed as an eco-friendly community integrating luxury living with recreational facilities, including a 9-hole golf course, an Olympic-size swimming pool, and sports complexes. The 18.21-hectare gated community is built to serve as a sustainable "daily vacation" environment. *Sports & Leisure: Houses both 9-hole and 18-hole golf courses, an amusement park, a seven-bedroom clubhouse, artificial lakes, tennis/basketball courts, and two football pitches. *Lifestyle & Convenience: Features a gas station, event centers, a police station, religious centers, and dedicated commercial plots for clinics and restaurants. *Eco-Friendly Design: Emphasizes green landscapes, central water systems, and underground wiring to promote sustainable living. *Offerings: Buyers can purchase fully serviced plots of land (ranging from 150 sqm to 1,000 sqm) or blocks of 1, 2, and 3-bedroom luxury apartments. *Payment Plans: Flexible installment payment structures are available, typically ranging from 4 to 18 months depending on whether the investment is for land or apartments. *Strategic Location: The estate sits barely 5 to 10 minutes from the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport and about 20 to 25 minutes from the Central Business District. 150sqm is going for N20,41200 This Estate is an fcda CofO property. For more info on this property contact:07038246572

Hutu Exclusive Estate, Centenary City Axis, Lugbe District, Abuja
3 Parking 150 sqm
Vickyann Company LTD
350SQM of Estate Plot
Premium
7
₦8,400,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

350SQM of Estate Plot

350sqm for 4 bedroom detached duplex with C of O

Pyakasa, Pyakasa, Lugbe District, Abuja
4 Parking 350 sqm
Oyewole Blessing
150SQM of Estate Plot
Premium
5
₦4,300,000 per plot

Land for sale

150SQM of Estate Plot

150 sqm of 3 bedroom terrace deplex with C of O

Pyakasa, Pyakasa, Lugbe District, Abuja
3 Parking 150 sqm
Oyewole Blessing
400SQM Estate Land
Premium
3
₦20,000,000

Residential land for sale

400SQM Estate Land

Promo Offer in M & B Villa Estate Lugbe: A Fantastic And Well Located Estate Land In a Built Up Area In Lugbe Opposite Riverpark, nut Airport Road Abuja -Nigeria. The Approved Building Prototype Is 4Bedroom Semi-detached Duplex. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. This Is An Estate Where You Will Love To Train Your Children. Highly Secured And Free From Air And Noise Pollution. Building Prototype: 4Bedroom Semi-detached Duplex. Promo Price = 20Million (20,000,000). Land Size: 400Square Meters. Note: 5% Profession Fee Apply. Title: Rofo And Estate Allocation. Features: - Good Accessibility - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment - Has Good Value For Rent/Resale Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja - Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M1.JUL.26)

Opposite Riverpark, Nut Airport Road, Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 400 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
Estate Land 400SQM
Premium
13
₦15,000,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

Estate Land 400SQM

Along airport Rd off voice of Nigeria 400sqm for 4 Bedroom fully detached duplex with BQ

Lugbe Along Airport Road, Off Voice of Nigeria, Lugbe District, Abuja
3 Parking 500 sqm
Oyewole Blessing
500SQM Estate Land for Duplex
Premium
3
₦25,000,000

Residential land for sale

500SQM Estate Land for Duplex

Promo Offer in M & B Villa Estate Lugbe: A Fantastic And Well Located Estate Land In a Built Up Area In Lugbe Opposite Riverpark, nut Airport Road Abuja -Nigeria. The Approved Building Prototype Is 5Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. This Is An Estate Where You Will Love To Train Your Children. Highly Secured And Free From Air And Noise Pollution. Building Prototype: 5Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex. Promo Price = 25Million (25,000,000). Land Size: 500Square Meters. Note: 5% Profession Fee Apply. Title: Rofo And Estate Allocation. Features: - Good Accessibility - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment - Has Good Value For Rent/Resale Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja - Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M4.JUL.26)

Opposite Riverpark, Nut Airport Road, Sabon Lugbe, Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 500 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
Luxury Buy and Build Land
Premium
6
₦18,000,000 per plot

Residential land for sale

Luxury Buy and Build Land

Crown Elevation City, Lugbe Site update Secure a plot in Abuja's fastest-growing neighborhood and start building memories @Crown Elevation City, Lugbe Don't miss out on this attractive investment opportunity! Secure your premium plot today and watch your money appreciate! Premium Plots Available! - 450SQM - 18M - 350SQM - 14M - 250SQM - 10M - 150SQM - 6M For Visits and Purchases Call 08036349174 Whatsapp: 08181233883 #CrownLuxuryProperties #CrownElevationCity #AbujaRealEstate #InvestInAbuja #Lugbe #Aco #AirportRoad

Lugbe District, Abuja
450 sqm
Beckybest Realty
700SQM Estate Land
Premium
2
₦16,000,000

Residential land for sale

700SQM Estate Land

Promo Offer in Seman Estate phase 2: a Fantastic And Well Located Estate Land In a Built Up Area In Lugbe Behind Dunamis church (the glory dome), sharing fence with Riverpark estate, airport road Abuja -Nigeria. The Approved Building Prototype Is 5/6Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with B.Q. The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. This Is An Estate Where You Will Love To Train Your Children. Highly Secured And Free From Air And Noise Pollution. Building Prototype: 5/6Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with B.Q Promo Price = 16Million (16,000,000). Land Size: 700Square Meters. Note: 5% Profession Fee Apply. Title: Rofo And Estate Allocation. Features: - Good Accessibility - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment - Has Good Value For Rent/Resale Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja - Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M3.JUL.26)

Sabon Lugbe, Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 700 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD
600SQM Estate Land
Premium
3
₦15,000,000

Residential land for sale

600SQM Estate Land

Promo Offer in Seman Estate phase 2: a Fantastic And Well Located Estate Land In a Built Up Area In Lugbe Behind Dunamis church (the glory dome), sharing fence with Riverpark estate, airport road Abuja -Nigeria. The Approved Building Prototype Is 4Bedroom Penthouse with B.Q The Land Have An Excellent Rental And Resale Values When Developed. The Environment Of This Property Is Very Serene Especially For People Like You Who Want Peace Of Mind. Not Only This But Also The Fact That This Location Is Designed To Meet The Immediate Modern Day Lifestyle. This Is An Estate Where You Will Love To Train Your Children. Highly Secured And Free From Air And Noise Pollution. Building Prototype: 4Bedroom Penthouse with B.Q Promo Price = 15Million (15,000,000). Land Size: 600Square Meters. Note: 5% Profession Fee Apply. Title: Rofo And Estate Allocation. Features: - Good Accessibility - Good For Residential Purposes - Situated In a Safe And Conducive Environment - Has Good Value For Rent/Resale Don't miss this opportunity (This is indeed a value for Money) Buy Now. For Enquiries or Inspection Please Contact: Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd, Suite C10, 2nd Floor, Broadway Mall, Behind Kaura Market, Opposite Prince And Princess Estate (2nd Gate), Abuja - Nigeria or Call/Whatsapp: 07055558560. 07064844447. Note: Site inspection is strictly on appointment. Goldmind Global Homes Nig Ltd Specialise basically on real estate development, Buying, selling and renting of Property, Property management, building/construction works, estate valuers & brokers, site supervision, Architect and project management. (F1.M1.JUL.26)

Lugbe Behind Dunamis Church, Sharing Fence with Riverpark Estate, Sabon Lugbe, Lugbe District, Abuja
5 Parking 600 sqm
Goldmind Global Homes Nig LTD

Showing 41–61 of 307 properties

Area Guide

About Lugbe District, Nigeria

Lugbe district is a suburban area in Abuja. It is regarded as a very popular place. It is in the Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC). It is largely residential and densely populated. Lugbe is about 17 minutes drive from the Central Business District of Abuja and 13 minutes drive to the Abuja Airport. It is along the airport road. Lugbe is divided into five districts namely Lugbe south, Lugbe north, Lugbe central, Lugbe west, Lugbe east.

Though Lugbe is not in the Federal Capital City (FCC), its proximity to the city centre and also to the Abuja airport has brought it into lime light and attracted significant development to the area. The area is developing very fast and is viable area to invest in real estate. Some important places in Lugbe include: National Space Development and Research Agency, FHA Estate, Voice of Nigeria Transmission Station. Lugbe has estates, some of which are completed and some others which are still in the making, they are: Federal housing authority, FHA Estate, Wisdom Estate, Trademore Estate, NCC Estate, Shibann Court Estate, Osilama Garden Estate, People Paradise Estate, Triumph Estate.

Read the full area guide
FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of land for sale in Lugbe District, Abuja is ₦22,500,000.

The price of the most expensive land for sale in Lugbe District, Abuja is ₦3,800,000,000.

The price of the cheapest land for sale in Lugbe District, Abuja is ₦4,800,000.

There are 307 available land for sale in Lugbe District, Abuja. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.