Nigeria Property Centre

Property for Sale in Nigeria

There are 91,552 flats, houses, land and commercial properties for sale across Nigeria as of 10 Aug 2026, with an average price of ₦330M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

41–61 of 91,552 properties for sale

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Luxury 2 Bedroom Condos with Nice Facilities Under Construction
18 photos Video
₦260,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 2 Bedroom Condos with Nice Facilities Under Construction

The Cello iii Lifestyle Condos is another laudable luxurious project by leadroitt realty limited. With the Cello I and Cello II already delivered to investors, Cello iii is currently under construction and almost at the finishing level with the block work currently at the 5th floor. You are not just looking at promises. You are looking at proven execution in motion. Location: Just by freedom way, lekki phase 1, lagos. Property type: Elegantly designed 2-bedroom Condos comes equipped with top-tier amenities. Facilities: Swimming pool Gymnasium Resident's lounge 24/7 concierge service Uninterrupted power Walk-in closets High-speed wi-fi Smartlock Driver's sleepover Elevators with access controls 24/7 security with cctv surveillance and much more Our Cello iii is another seamless blend of luxury, comfort, and functionality, giving you the best out of your investment and peace of mind! To be delivered and managed with nothing short of a 5 star standard as usual. Construction: ongoing (Blockwork and Finishing Stage) Delivery: Q3, 2027 Purchase Price : ₦260M Initial Deposit: 30% 6 to 12 Months Payment Plan available a Development by Leadroitt For further inquiries, presentation meeting and site inspection contact: Leadroitt Realty Limited 33B, Dr Omon Ebhomenye Street, Lekki Phase 1, Lagos 09061800521 (whatsapp enable) [email protected] www.leadroittrealty.com

The Cello 3 - by Freedom Way, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets

Leadroitt Realty Limited

Verified Agent

Contact Agent
Luxurious 4 Bedroom Fully Detached with Swimming Pool Duplex with BQ
Premium
20
₦300,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxurious 4 Bedroom Fully Detached with Swimming Pool Duplex with BQ

Thomas Estate Ajah Lagos 4 bed 290 & 300M Luxurious 4 bedroom fully detached with swimming pool duplex with BQ , house for sale Title: Governors Consent Building Approval Without Pool : 290M With Pool : 300M ️

Ajiwe, Ajah, Lagos Added today
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Mandihomes
Luxury Built 4 Bedroom Duplex with a Room Boys Quarter
Premium
23
₦190,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Luxury Built 4 Bedroom Duplex with a Room Boys Quarter

This stunning 4-bedroom duplex with a room BQ is located in a beautifully crafted, fully serviced estate designed for comfort, security, and lifestyle. Enjoy a serene environment with top-tier amenities including: Swimming pool Children's play area Fully fitted gym Basketball pitch Effective drainage system 24 hours surveillance and security services Constant Power supply and much more. The estate offers a peaceful atmosphere, well-planned infrastructure, and everything you need for modern living, all in one place. Perfect for families or investors looking for premium value in real estate Price: N190Million Documents: Governor's Consent, and Building Plan Approval Location: orchid road, Lekki Lagos For further enquiry and arrangement for site inspection please call Nnenna 08083233032 Email: [email protected] www.nevickhillsrealty.com

Orchid Road, Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 2 Parking
Nevickhills Limited
2 Bedroom Apartment
Premium
14
₦150,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

2 Bedroom Apartment

CofO Governor Consent Building Approval available Features: - Newly Built - Top of-line finish - Fully Serviced - Elevator - Ensuite rooms - Aesthetic pop ceilings - Water heater - Open plan kitchen - Fully Fitted kitchen - Top quality tiles - Ample parking spaces - Good access roads - Proximity to the road - Gym - Communal pool - Rooftop lounge - Flood free - Balcony

Ologolo, Lekki, Lagos Added today
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking
Gidilagos Realty Group
Tastefully 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Swimming Pool Duplexes with BQ
Premium
13
₦200,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Tastefully 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Swimming Pool Duplexes with BQ

Ajah Lekki. 4 bed. 200M. Tastefully 4 bedroom fully detached swimming pool duplexes with BQ, house for sale - 4 bed - 4 bath - 1 Guest Toilet - Fitted kitchen - Family lounge - Balcony - Pop ceiling - Chandelier - Swimming pool - Walk in closet - One room boys quarter - Gated and secured Title: CofO Building Approval

Olokonla, Ajah, Lagos Added today
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 2 Parking
Mandihomes
Luxury Built and Exquisitely Furnished 5 Bedroom Duplex + Pool
Premium
25
₦500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury Built and Exquisitely Furnished 5 Bedroom Duplex + Pool

This exquisite 5 bedroom, fully detached duplex is set on a 514 square meter plot, complete with a private swimming pool, plus a room boys quarter. Fully installed inverter and Solar panels The anteroom is adorned with a stunning artwork. The expansive living room offers a vast, open space, fully furnished for comfort, while a separate dining area, with a sleek wine cellar. The kitchen is fully fitted with top-of-the-line appliances, a double-door fridge, air conditioner and a spacious storeroom. The family lounge, an ideal retreat for family time. From here, you access the children's rooms, and beyond them, both the master bedroom and the madam's room. The master suite features a spa like bathroom with a soaking tub, a rain shower, a dressing table, and a vast walk-in closet. Every detail, from the premium finishes to the curated interior design. This is masterpiece of modern living. Location: Megamound Estate, Lekki Lagos Price:N500Million Documents: C of O Build Approval Book a viewing today with; Nnenna 08039177061/ Patricia 09044272524 Email: [email protected] [email protected]

Megamound Estate, Lekki Phase 2, Lekki, Lagos
5 Beds 6 Baths 6 Toilets 6 Parking
Nevickhills Limited
4 Bedroom Semi Duplex
Premium
12
₦230,000,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

4 Bedroom Semi Duplex

CofO Governor Consent Building Approval available Features: - Newly Built - Capacious living room - Top of-line finish - Ensuite rooms - Aesthetic pop ceilings - Fully Fitted Kitchen - Capacious Compound - Stamped Concrete Floor - Top quality tiles - Ample parking spaces - Good access roads - Flood free - Tv Console - Balconies

Ajah, Lagos Added today
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Gidilagos Realty Group
Modern Luxury 4-Bedroom Semi-Detached Duplex with BQ
Premium
14
₦190,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

Modern Luxury 4-Bedroom Semi-Detached Duplex with BQ

Distress sale -- Modern Luxury 4-Bedroom Semi-Detached Duplex with BQ Don't miss this incredible opportunity to own a beautifully built modern home at a distress sale price. Property Features: - 4 spacious en-suite bedrooms - Boys' Quarters (BQ) - Self compound - Contemporary architectural design - Premium-quality finishing - Spacious living and dining areas - Fully fitted kitchen - Ample parking space - Located in a serene and secure environment Price: ₦190 Million (Asking) Location: Orchid Road, Lekki (Before the Roundabout) Contact Emmy of Lagos Properties today to schedule an inspection.

Orchid, Lekki, Lagos Added today
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Mandihomes
Luxury 4-Bedroom Serviced Terrace Triplex with a Room BQ
Premium
13
₦500,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Luxury 4-Bedroom Serviced Terrace Triplex with a Room BQ

₦500M 4-Bedroom Terrace Triplex Lekki Right, Lekki Phase 1 Positioned in one of Lekki's most desirable neighborhoods, this beautifully finished 4-bedroom terrace triplex offers the perfect balance of luxury, functionality, and long-term value. The home features a practical three-level layout with four ensuite bedrooms, a bright and spacious living area, a fully fitted contemporary kitchen, a private family lounge, and a well-appointed primary suite complete with a balcony. Large windows throughout the home invite abundant natural light, creating warm and inviting spaces for everyday living. Whether you're searching for a family home in a prime location or an asset with strong appreciation potential, this property delivers both comfort and lasting value in one of Lagos' most sought-after addresses. For more enquiries, contact Stephen Whatsapp: 08171969365 Phone: 08136522011, 09155232992 Email: [email protected] We currently have premium homes available for sale across some of Ikoyi, Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Ikate, Salem, Ologolo, Jakande, Osapa London, Agungi, New Road, Chevron, Eleganza, Orchid, Ikota, VGC and Ajah's most sought-after locations, including: Lekki Phase 1 (Admiralty Way, Fola Osibo Street, Freedom Way -- Admiralty Way Extension, Omorinre Johnson Street, Bisola Durosinmi Etti Street, Emma Abimbola Cole Street, Theophilus Oji Street, T. F. Kuboye Road, Nike Art Gallery Road, Kayode Animashaun Street, Hakeem Dickson Drive, Hunponu-Wusu Road, Engr. George Enenmoh Crescent, Fatai Idowu Arobieke Street)

Lekki Right, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos Added today
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 2 Parking
Idealplace_properties
Massive 5 Bedroom Detached Duplex + Pool, Cinema, Rooftop Terrace, BQ
Premium
25
₦849,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Massive 5 Bedroom Detached Duplex + Pool, Cinema, Rooftop Terrace, BQ

Massive 5 bedroom detached duplex with swimming pool ,cinema, Rooftop terrace,BQ. Within a call to access estate Price:849M Location: Chevron , Lekki This magnificent 5 bedroom detached duplex offers the perfect blend of comfort, style, and modern amenities, ideal for families and individuals seeking an upscale lifestyle. Property Features: - Spacious Living Areas: Thoughtfully designed to ensure comfort and elegance. - ️ 5 En-suite Bedrooms: Each room comes with contemporary finishes, ample space, and fitted wardrobes. - ️ Fully Fitted Kitchen: Equipped with high-quality appliances, sleek cabinetry, and - Ample Parking: Dedicated parking space for each unit. - ️ Modern Interior Design: Featuring pop ceilings, chandeliers, and premium floor finishes. - Private BQ: Separate quarters for additional convenience. Estate Perks: - 24/7 Security with gated access. - Well-paved interlocking roads. - Reliable water supply and modern infrastructure. Title: Governor's Consent For more enquiries, contact Stephen Whatsapp: 08171969365 Phone: 08136522011, 09155232992 Email: [email protected] We currently have premium homes available for sale across some of Ikoyi, Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Ikate, Salem, Ologolo, Jakande, Osapa London, Agungi, New Road, Chevron, Eleganza, Orchid, Ikota, VGC and Ajah's most sought-after locations, including: Chevron Toll Gate (Lekki Conservation Centre axis, Oral Estate, Daffodil Gardens Estate, Discovery Park Estate, Conservation Court Estate)

Chevron, Lekki, Lagos Added today
5 Beds 5 Baths 6 Toilets 4 Parking
Idealplace_properties
Aesthetically Pleasing 2 Bedroom Apartment Maisonette
Premium
25
₦350,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Aesthetically Pleasing 2 Bedroom Apartment Maisonette

Aesthetically pleasing 2 Bedroom Apartment maisonette For sale and Rent Price :350M Location: Lekki phase 1 Rental value :20-25M/Annum Daily Shortlet rate : 200-300k/day This sophisticated 2-bedroom apartment is the epitome of modern living, designed to provide comfort, luxury, and convenience in one of Lagos' most prestigious neighborhoods. Property Features: - ️ 2 Spacious En-suite Bedrooms: Thoughtfully designed with premium fittings, ample natural light, and fitted wardrobes. - ️ Fully Fitted Kitchen: Equipped with modern appliances, sleek countertops, and plenty of storage. - Balcony: Offering serene views and a private outdoor space to relax. - Modern Design: With pop ceilings, premium floor finishes, and contemporary lighting. - Ample Parking: Secure parking space for residents and guests. Estate Perks: - 24/7 Security with gated access. - Well-paved interlocking roads. - Reliable power supply and water system. - Quiet and serene environment, ideal for professionals or small families. Title: Governor's Consent For more enquiries, contact Stephen Whatsapp: 08171969365 Phone: 08136522011, 09155232992 Email: [email protected] We currently have premium homes available for sale across some of Ikoyi, Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Ikate, Salem, Ologolo, Jakande, Osapa London, Agungi, New Road, Chevron, Eleganza, Orchid, Ikota, VGC and Ajah's most sought-after locations, including: Lekki Phase 1 (Admiralty Way, Fola Osibo Street, Freedom Way -- Admiralty Way Extension, Omorinre Johnson Street, Bisola Durosinmi Etti Street, Emma Abimbola Cole Street, Theophilus Oji Street, T. F. Kuboye Road, Nike Art Gallery Road, Kayode Animashaun Street, Hakeem Dickson Drive, Hunponu-Wusu Road, Engr. George Enenmoh Crescent, Fatai Idowu Arobieke Street)

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos Added today
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking
Idealplace_properties
Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment with Gym, Pool, Elevator
Premium
10
₦310,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Luxury 2 Bedroom Apartment with Gym, Pool, Elevator

2-Bedroom Luxury Apartment with Gym for Sale -- Lekki Phase 1 Price: ₦310M Location: Lekki Phase 1, Lagos This sophisticated 2-bedroom apartment is the epitome of modern living, designed to provide comfort, luxury, and convenience in one of Lagos' most prestigious neighborhoods. Property Features: - ️ 2 Spacious En-suite Bedrooms: Thoughtfully designed with premium fittings, ample natural light, and fitted wardrobes. - Elevator Access: Effortless and convenient access to your apartment. - ️ Fully Fitted Kitchen: Equipped with modern appliances, sleek countertops, and plenty of storage. - ‍️ Swimming Pool: A perfect spot to unwind and cool off after a long day. - Balcony: Offering serene views and a private outdoor space to relax. - Modern Design: With pop ceilings, premium floor finishes, and contemporary lighting. - Ample Parking: Secure parking space for residents and guests. Estate Perks: - 24/7 Security with gated access. - Well-paved interlocking roads. - Reliable power supply and water system. - Quiet and serene environment, ideal for professionals or small families. Title: Governor's Consent For more enquiries, contact Stephen Whatsapp: 08171969365 Phone: 08136522011, 09155232992 Email: [email protected] We currently have premium homes available for sale across some of Ikoyi, Victoria Island, Lekki Phase 1, Ikate, Salem, Ologolo, Jakande, Osapa London, Agungi, New Road, Chevron, Eleganza, Orchid, Ikota, VGC and Ajah's most sought-after locations, including: Lekki Phase 1 (Admiralty Way, Fola Osibo Street, Freedom Way -- Admiralty Way Extension, Omorinre Johnson Street, Bisola Durosinmi Etti Street, Emma Abimbola Cole Street, Theophilus Oji Street, T. F. Kuboye Road, Nike Art Gallery Road, Kayode Animashaun Street, Hakeem Dickson Drive, Hunponu-Wusu Road, Engr. George Enenmoh Crescent, Fatai Idowu Arobieke Street)

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos Added today
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking
Idealplace_properties
Commercial Corner Piece 2, 600SQM Land
Premium
4
₦1,600,000,000

Commercial property for sale

Commercial Corner Piece 2, 600SQM Land

Price reduction oked olu Commercial corner piece 2,600 square meters land with structure direct on major busy road of popular ijaiye road ogba adjacent area g police command overlooking wemco road ogba ikeja n1. 6b net with c of o. Oked ol For more information visit kerantol.com NB: In case you own a property and you want to sell, lease or rent it out or do a JV very fast, you can talk to us

Ogba Bus Stop, Adjacent Area G Police Command Overlooking Wemco Road, Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
2600 sqm
Kerantol Limited
Serviced 2 Bedrooms Apartment with Swimming Pool
Premium
14
₦280,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Serviced 2 Bedrooms Apartment with Swimming Pool

Own a premium serviced 2-Bedroom apartment in one of Lagos' most sought-after waterfront locations - where comfort, class, and consistent rental returns come together effortlessly. Price: N280M (Outright) Flexible payment plans available Secure title: C of O Step into a lifestyle of ease and elegance: All rooms en-suite Elevator access Underground parking Concierge service Fully fitted open-plan kitchen & bathrooms Swimming pool Premium finishing throughout

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos Added yesterday
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking
Ninahomesltd
Unbelievable Offer!!!! 1000 SQM
Premium
1
₦34,000,000

Residential land for sale

Unbelievable Offer!!!! 1000 SQM

1000sqm of residential land in a fully inhabited residential environ very close to kado bridge, immediately after the market square mall ,2 mins to jahi,2 mins to kado estate and 5 mins from jabi lake mall, Guess what!!!, it's not an estate plot so you can build whatever you want. 5% commission fee applies

By Kado Bridge Just After Market Square Mall, Gwarinpa, Abuja
1000 sqm
Solodom Ventures
Oil Palm Farm with a Good Wealth Creation
Premium
5
₦5,500,000 per acre

Farm land for sale

Oil Palm Farm with a Good Wealth Creation

Nova palm city _Own the Land. Grow the Wealth. Harvest the Future._ "Smart investors don't just buy land. They buy land that produces." Nova Palm City gives you the opportunity to own a professionally managed oil palm farm with secure farm management structure and long-term wealth potential. Own a fully allocated Farm Unit Earn from Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB) harvests Freehold title with registered survey Professional farm management Asset-backed investment with long-term growth potential Location: Imala-Anigbado, Abeokuta North lga Ogun State Pre-Launch Offer (Limited Time) 1 Acre -- From ₦5.5M Flexible entry plans available. Why investors are paying attention: ️ High demand for palm oil ️ Inflation-resistant asset ️ Productive land ownership ️ Long-term passive income potential Don't just buy land. Own an asset that works for you. Send a WhatsApp message 0703 852 8949 to receive the brochure, pricing details, and inspection schedule.

Imala-Anigbado, Abeokuta North Lga Ogun State*, Abeokuta North, Ogun Added today
Gtee Estates & Properties
Executive 3 Bedrooms Apartment with BQ and Swimming Pool
Premium
12
₦450,000,000

Flat / apartment for sale

Executive 3 Bedrooms Apartment with BQ and Swimming Pool

3-Bedroom Apartment + BQ - Oniru, Victoria Island - ₦400M For Sale: Spacious and luxurious 3-Bedroom Apartment with Boys' Quarters (BQ), Elevator, Swimming Pool, and Gym, situated in a secure and serene estate in Oniru, Victoria Island. Location: Oniru, Victoria Island Price: ₦400,000,000 Title: Governor's Consent Comes With: Ensuite Bedrooms - Fully Fitted Kitchen - BQ - Elevator - Swimming Pool - Gym - Spacious Living Area - Ample Parking Space - 24/7 Security - Secure Gated Estate

VI Oniru, Victoria Island (VI), Lagos
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets 3 Parking
Ninahomesltd
Luxury Finished 6 Bedroom Fully Detached House in a Serene Neighborhood
Premium
25
₦500,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury Finished 6 Bedroom Fully Detached House in a Serene Neighborhood

Luxury finished 6 bedroom fully detached duplex with all rooms ensuite, a fully fitted kitchen & servant quarters. Location is at the prestigious & well estate; Western Foreshore Estate, Osapa London, Lekki. This most sought after estate provides uninterrupted power supply, premium round the clock security, an exclusive living experience, excellent road network and accessibility, secure & serene environment. Sale Price: N500,000,000. Fee: 5% of sale price. A premium home designed for comfort, convenience, and luxury living in the heart of Osapa London, Lekki. Inspection is at your earliest convenience.

Western Foreshore Estate, Osapa, Lekki, Lagos Added today
6 Beds 6 Baths 7 Toilets
Seyi Ekanem & Co
Serviced 2 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex with Swimming Pool and Gym
Premium
13
₦115,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Serviced 2 Bedrooms Terraced Duplex with Swimming Pool and Gym

Fully serviced 2 bedroom terraced duplex with GYM, pool & kid's play area. . Orchid, lekki, lagos state. : ₦115,000,000 Features: -Spacious Rooms -Aesthetic pop ceilings -In Built Bluetooth speakers -Communal Gym -Communal Playground -Communal Pool -Fully Fitted kitchen -Serene Environment . Title : Governor Consent / Building Approval

Orchid, Lekki, Lagos
2 Beds 2 Baths 3 Toilets 2 Parking
Ninahomesltd
4 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex with Swimming Pool & BQ
Premium
13
₦200,000,000

Semi-detached duplex for sale

4 Bedroom Semi Detached Duplex with Swimming Pool & BQ

Tastefully built 4 bedroom semidetached duplex with BQ, sit-out area & communal pool. : Orchid, lekki, lagos state. : ₦200,000,000 Features: -All rooms ensuite -Fully Fitted kitchen -Driveway unit -In-built Bluetooth speakers -Water heater -Spacious living room -Tv Console -Lovely Chandelier -Sit out area -Communal pool -Car Port -Serene & secured estate -Call to access estate Title: CofO Building Plan Approval Available.

Orchid, Lekki, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking
Ninahomesltd
Smart 3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with BQ
Premium
4
₦150,000,000

Terraced duplex for sale

Smart 3 Bedroom Terrace Duplex with BQ

A new era of luxury living has arrived! The First Fully Solared powered Ai Smart Estate In Lagos!!! Nestled in the prestigious Ajayi Apata, Sangotedo, Lagos, This is more than a home it's a statement of prestige, excellence, innovation,technology and class. By investing at the off-plan stage, you secure today's price while positioning yourself for impressive capital appreciation as the development progresses. Available Units - 3 Bedroom Terrace + BQ -- ₦150 Million Luxury Estate Features - AI Smart Home Technology, Your Home Speaks Your language. - Fully Solar-Powered Energy ( 10KVA)individual Dedicated Solar technology for 24 hrs power - 24/7 Surveillance and security. - Swimming Pool - Fully Equipped Gym - Children's Play Area - Mini Mart Premium Home Features Luxurious finishes Spacious all-ensuite rooms Quality doors Fitted wardrobes Premium sanitary wares Fully fitted kitchen (Gas Cooker, Extractor & Microwave) Fire alarms Smoke detectors Heat extractor Prime Neighborhood - Lagos Business School - Skymall - Sangotedo Shoprite - lufasi Nature Park - Emperor Estate - Crown Estate ...and many more. Location: Ajayi Apata, Sangotedo, Lagos Title: C of O / Governor's Consent Secure your dream home with just ₦20 Million initial deposit and enjoy a flexible payment plan of up to 12 months. Luxury isn't just about where you live it's about how you live. Be among the first to own this exclusive off-plan development before prices appreciate. Send us a DM today to schedule your private inspection . Sidney 0703 852 8949 for Inspection Bookings or Inquiries

Ajayi Apata Sangotedo, Ajah Lagos, Sangotedo, Ajah, Lagos Added today
3 Beds 3 Baths 4 Toilets
Gtee Estates & Properties

Showing 41–61 of 91,552 properties

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Nigeria is ₦330,000,000.

The price of the most expensive flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Nigeria is ₦11,500,000,000.

The price of the cheapest flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Nigeria is ₦2,500,000.

There are 91,552 available flats, houses, land and commercial property for sale in Nigeria. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.