Nigeria Property Centre

4 Bedroom Detached Duplexes in Nigeria

There are 9,247 houses for sale and rent across Nigeria as of 4 Sep 2026, with an average price of ₦280M. Every listing is posted by an estate agent or developer you can contact directly — filter by price, type, furnishing and recency to find the right home.

Premium Plus Top promoted listing
Stunning 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex + BQ
20 photos
₦320,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Stunning 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex + BQ

Stunning 4 bedroom fully detached duplex + BQ Double Estate entrance from Agungi and Idado a beautifully designed, newly built 4bedroom fully detached duplex with a BQ, offering modern finishing, spacious interiors and excellent functionality for comfortable family living. Features: - 4 spacious en-suite bedrooms - Boys' Quarter (BQ) - Spacious living & dining area - Family lounge - Fully fitted kitchen - Kitchen island - Built in microwave & oven - Gas cooker & extractor - Fitted wardrobes - Pop ceilings with ambient lighting - Beautiful chandeliers - Contemporary feature wall - Bathtub & water heaters - Balcony - Quality tiled & wood-effect flooring - Excellent natural lighting & ventilation - Stamp-concrete compound - Artificial grass landscaping - Ample parking space - Secure gated Estate & compound - Newly built & unfurnished

Agungi, Lekki, Lagos
4 Beds 4 Baths 5 Toilets 3 Parking

D'elite

Super Detached Duplex — Off Ado Road, Ajah, Lagos
1
₦120,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Super Detached Duplex

Distressed sales Property for sale in ajah/addo A Detached Duplex consisting of: - 4 Spacious all ensuite bedrooms - 3 sitting rooms - a box room A storey building Boys Quarters consisting of 2Nos 3bedroom flats. A security gate house An ample space that can park more than 10 cars. Size: 670 Sq.m Price: 120m (Negotiable) Document: Deed of Assignment Inquiries mausi realty 08023413642 or bum 0806 376 8619

Off Ado Road, Ajah, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets
Mausi Realty
Executive Newly Built All En-Suite 4-Bedroom with BQ — Ikota Villa Estate, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
16
₦180,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Executive Newly Built All En-Suite 4-Bedroom with BQ

Investing in property in Ikota Villa Estate, Lekki Phase 2, Lagos, can offer numerous benefits for both homeowners and investors. Below are the comprehensive advantages of being a property owner or investor in this area: 1. Prime Location - Proximity to Urban Amenities Ikota Villa Estate is strategically located near key urban centers in Lekki, providing easy access to shopping malls, restaurants, schools, hospitals, and other essential services. - Accessibility : The estate is well-connected to major roads and highways, improving accessibility to other parts of Lagos and reducing commute times. 2. Increasing Property Value - Real Estate Appreciation : The Lekki area has been experiencing significant growth, with property values appreciating due to high demand and ongoing infrastructure development. - Investment Returns : By investing in properties now, owners can take advantage of future price increases, ensuring high returns on investment (ROI). 3. Modern Infrastructure - Developed Infrastructure : Ikota Villa Estate boasts modern amenities such as reliable electricity, water supply, well-maintained roads, and waste management services, enhancing the living experience. - Smart Community : The estate features various security systems, such as gated access and surveillance, making it a safe environment for families. 4. Quality of Life - Serenity and Peace : The estate has a tranquil atmosphere, making it ideal for families seeking a peaceful living environment away from the hustle and bustle of city life. - Community Living : a strong sense of community is fostered through neighborhood events and activities, promoting social interaction among residents. 5. Rental Income Opportunities - High Demand for Rentals : Lekki's growing population and urbanization create a strong demand for rental properties, providing homeowners with the opportunity to generate passive income. - Lucrative Short-term Rentals : The presence of expatriates and tourists can allow for lucrative short-term rental opportunities, especially for well-furnished properties. 6. Investment Security - Title and Ownership Security : Properties in Ikota Villa Estate are often well-documented, providing investors with security and peace of mind regarding ownership. - Low Risk of Fraud : Established real estate businesses and agencies operating in the area contribute to minimizing investment risks. 7. Diverse Investment Opportunities - Residential and Commercial Investments : The area supports various types of investments, including residential apartments, luxury homes, and commercial properties, catering to a diverse clientele. - Potential for Development : Investors can also explore opportunities for property development, such as building new homes or commercial spaces, driving further value. 8. Proximity to Business Districts - Growing Economic Activity : The Lekki Free Trade Zone and other business districts nearby enhance economic activity, attracting professionals and businesses, thereby increasing demand for residential properties. - Support for Businesses : The estate's location provides a supportive environment for entrepreneurial activities, fostering business development within the area. 9. Government Support and Infrastructure Development - Ongoing Government Projects : Investment in infrastructure development by the Lagos State government, such as roads, public transport systems, and recreational facilities, enhances property value. - Recognition of Lagos as a Business Hub : Government initiatives to improve the business environment bolster the attractiveness of Lekki as a prime investment destination. 10. Mortgage/Loan Benefits : The property is fully backed up by verifiable legal title documents that can be used as collateral to secure loan from any financial institutions Key Estate Features: 1. Gated & Secured Estate - Security : The estate is a gated community with controlled access points, providing enhanced security for residents and peace of mind. - 24/7 Surveillance : There is typically continuous monitoring through security personnel and CCTV cameras. 2. Exquisite Architecture - Modern Design : The estate is known for its stylish and contemporary architectural designs, with a variety of housing options, including detached homes, duplexes, and townhouses. - Well-planned Layout : The estate features carefully planned layouts, ensuring adequate space between properties for privacy and aesthetic appeal. 3. Well-maintained Infrastructure - Paved Roads : The estate features well-paved internal roads, making navigation easy and convenient for residents. - Drainage Systems : Effective drainage systems are in place to prevent flooding, especially during the rainy season. 4. Basic Utilities and Services - Power Supply : Many homes in Ikota Villa Estate enjoy reliable electricity supply, with some homeowners investing in alternative power sources like generators and inverters. - Water Supply : Residents typically have access to consistent water supply through boreholes or municipal sources. 5. Amenities - Recreational Facilities : The estate may offer parks, playgrounds, and recreational areas for families and children, promoting outdoor activities and community engagement. - Shopping and Leisure : Proximity to shopping malls, supermarkets, restaurants, and leisure centers adds convenience for residents. 6. Community Social Engagement - Vibrant Community Life : Residents often partake in community events, fostering a sense of belonging and camaraderie among neighbors. - Homeowners Association : An active homeowners association may exist to manage community affairs, including security and maintenance of shared facilities. 7. Proximity to Key Locations - Nearby Facilities : Ikota Villa Estate is close to essential services, including schools, hospitals, and markets, enhancing the quality of life. - Accessibility to Major Roads : The estate has easy access to key roads and highways, facilitating seamless movement to other parts of Lagos. 8. Investment Potential - High Demand for Properties : The increasing demand for housing in Lekki makes the estate a viable investment option, with potential for property appreciation. - Rental Opportunities : The estate's desirability attracts renters, providing homeowners with the opportunity for steady rental income. 9. Natural Environment - Landscaping : Well-planned landscaping in common areas enhances the beauty of the environment, contributing to a pleasant living atmosphere. - Green Spaces : The estate may offer green areas and gardens, promoting a healthy lifestyle and outdoor enjoyment. 10. Diversity of Residents - Eclectic Community : Ikota Villa Estate is home to a diverse mix of residents, including expatriates, professionals, and local families, contributing to a vibrant community culture. Certainly! Below is a comprehensive overview of a brand new four-bedroom house with a boys' quarters, highlighting its features and amenities: Property Overview Type : All-Rooms-En-Suite 4-Bedroom House with Boys' Quarters Location : [Ikota Villa Estate] Property Status : Brand New Key Features 1. Spacious Living Areas - All-Rooms-En-Suite : Each of the four bedrooms comes with its own private bathroom, ensuring privacy and convenience for family members and guests. - Generously Sized Bedrooms : The bedrooms are spacious enough to accommodate large furniture, ensuring comfort and functionality. 2. Interior Finishes - p.o.p Finishes : The house features exquisite Plaster of Paris (P.O.P) ceilings, enhancing the aesthetic appeal and providing a touch of elegance in each room. - Gigantic Mobile Wardrobes : Each bedroom comes equipped with large, mobile wardrobes that offer ample storage space and flexibility in organization. 3. Modern Amenities - Water Heater in All Rooms : Each bathroom is fitted with water heaters, providing hot water for showers, enhancing comfort regardless of the weather. - Well-Equipped Fitted Kitchen : The kitchen is designed for both functionality and style, featuring high-quality cabinetry, a gas cooker, an oven, and ample counter space for meal preparation. 4. Luxurious Bathroom Features - Master Bedroom Bathroom : The master suite boasts a modern jacuzzi and a cubicle shower, providing a luxurious bathing experience. Elegant fittings add to the overall opulence of the space. 5. Living and Dining Areas - Spacious Dining Area : The dining area is designed to accommodate a large dining table, perfect for family gatherings and entertaining guests. - Chandeliers and Inner Lighting : The property features elegant chandeliers and ambient inner lighting that enhance the overall atmosphere and sophistication of the living space. 6. Outdoor Space - Spacious Compound : The house sits on a generous plot providing a spacious compound, ideal for outdoor activities, gatherings, or children's play. - Lovely Balconies : Balconies from key rooms allow for outdoor relaxation and enjoying fresh air, enhancing the property's livability. 7. Security Features - Security Doors : The property is equipped with high-quality security doors to ensure the safety of residents, offering peace of mind. 8. Boys' Quarters - Separate Living Space : The inclusion of a boys' quarters provides an independent living space for household staff or can be used as a guest room, enhancing the property's versatility. 9. Parking Lots : The property boosts of enough parking garage that can contains up to minimum of four cars conveniently. Additional Features - High-Quality Finishes : All fittings and finishes in the home are of premium quality to ensure durability and maintain aesthetic appeal. - Natural Ventilation : Thoughtfully designed windows allow for ample natural light and ventilation, creating a bright and airy atmosphere throughout the house. - Future Expansion Potential : The spacious compound allows for potential future expansion or landscaping options. Conclusion This brand new four-bedroom house with boys' quarters offers a luxurious and comfortable environment for families or individuals looking for a modern home. With its en-suite bathrooms, well-equipped kitchen, elegant finishes, and spacious compound, it combines convenience with luxury. The thoughtful design and premium features throughout the property make it an ideal choice for those seeking a high-quality living experience in a desirable location. Perfect for both relaxation and entertainment, this property represents an excellent investment opportunity in the real estate market. Proudly Marketed By WhiteBronze Investment LTD RC 1192624 For Inspection and More Clarifications Please Contact WhiteBronze Investment LTD on Email [email protected] Website:www.whitebronzeinvestment.com Instagram :@whitebronze77 YouTube : @whitebronze444

Ikota Villa Estate, Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 5 baths 6 toilets 4 Parking
Whitebronze Investment LTD
Beautiful 4 Bedroom Duplex — Anthony, Maryland, Lagos
5
₦300,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Beautiful 4 Bedroom Duplex

Title: C of O Features: - All Rooms Ensuite - pop Ceilings - Spotlights - Fitted Kitchen - Chandeliers - Dining Area - Guest Room - Family Lounge - Ante room - Concrete Floor - Balconies - BQ - Water Heaters - Water Closets - Walk-in Closet - Walk-in Showers - Bath Tub

Anthony, Maryland, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets 4 Parking
Teraz Property
Exquisite 4-Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex — Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
14
₦160,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Exquisite 4-Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex

Exquisite 4-bedroom fully detached home Price: ₦160 Million Location: Ikota , Lagos Features: - Spacious living room - Ensuite rooms - Modern pop ceiling - Fully fitted kitchen - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - Treated water - 24hrs power supply - 24hrs security - CCTV cameras - Flood-free - Good access roads Title: Governor's Consent Contact Us Today to Schedule a Viewing: Call or WhatsApp: 08051280014 (Daniel) Email: [email protected] Join us and step into a story of luxury, comfort, and elegance. #realestateagent #luxuryliving #dreamhouse #luxurylifestyle #housesinikate #lekkihousesforsale #propertiesinlagos #luxuryrealtor #realestateinvestment #lekkihomes #lekkiapartments

Ikota, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 4 toilets
House Davanni Realty LTD
Stunning 4-Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ — Ajah, Lagos
14
₦140,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Stunning 4-Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ

Stunning 4-bedroom fully detached duplex with BQ Price: ₦140,000,000 Location: Ajah, Lagos This luxurious 4-bedroom fully detached duplex offers elegant living in one of Lagos' prime locations. Features: All rooms ensuite Fully fitted kitchen with accessories Luxury finishing Fully fitted bathrooms Self-serviced BQ Balconies Gated estate Title: Governor's Consent Building Plan Approval Contact Us Today to Schedule a Viewing: 08051280014 (Daniel) [email protected] #LuxuryLiving #AjahHomes #RealEstateLagos #DetachedDuplex #GatedEstate #NewHome

Ajah, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 4 toilets
House Davanni Realty LTD
Brand New Exquisite 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex — Ajah, Lagos
9
₦220,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Brand New Exquisite 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex

N220m Ajah Luxurious Duplex with Swimming Pool 4Bedrooms Fully-Detached Duplex with Bq for Sale!! . . Location: Ajah . Features: Swimming Pool Washing Machine Oven Microwave CCTV Brand new Video Bell Clean water Secured estate Good Compound space Fully Fitted Kitchen Serenity Water Heaters Pop Ceiling Jacuzzi Price: N220m Title: Governor's Consent

Ajah, Lagos
4 beds 5 baths 5 toilets
Loyalty Homes Limited
Newly Well Built 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ in Magodo — GRA Phase 2, Magodo, Lagos
5
₦280,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Newly Well Built 4 Bedroom Fully Detached Duplex with BQ in Magodo

For sale newly well built 4 bedroom fully detached duplex with bq for sale inside a well secure, developed & calm estate with mobile security & 24hours power supply Night in magodo phase 2, Price:#280milion, this is a give away Christmas price.. Don't miss this opportunity because a second maybe too late, for more information information contact me... Owner needs money

GRA Phase 2, Magodo, Lagos
4 beds 6 baths 6 toilets 8 Parking
Phantom Realties
4 Bedroom Duplex. — Thomas, Ajiwe, Ajah, Lagos
12
₦7,000,000 /yr

Detached duplex for rent

4 Bedroom Duplex.

A well built duplex in a well secured estate with all the latest amenities.

Thomas, Ajiwe, Ajah, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets
Diamondglamour Reality Homes.
Luxury 4 Bedroom Fully Detached with BQ — Chevron, Lekki, Lagos
15
₦140,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 4 Bedroom Fully Detached with BQ

4 Bedroom fully detached duplex for sale. Location: Chevron, lekki Price: N140m amenities: - Fitted Kitchen with accessories - Modern Day pop Ceiling - Detailed finishing - Wardrobes - Luxury Finishing - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - ⁠BQ For additional details, inquiries, and physical inspections, Call our hotline 07088065449 You can send us a quick mail to: [email protected] Take Advantage Today!

Chevron, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets
Future Homes Properties and Investment LTD
Luxury 4 Bedroom House with BQ — Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
12
₦650,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 4 Bedroom House with BQ

Luxury 4 bedroom house for sale. Amenities: - Fitted kitchen with accessories - Modern Day pop Ceiling - Detailed finishing - Wardrobes - Luxury Finishing - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - ⁠BQ Location: Lekki phase 1. Price: N650m For additional details, inquiries, and physical inspections, Call our hotline 07088065449 You can send us a quick mail to: [email protected] Take Advantage Today!

Lekki Phase 1, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets
Future Homes Properties and Investment LTD
4 Bedroom Detached Duplex — Orchid, Lekki, Lagos
10
₦9,000,000 /yr

Detached duplex for rent

4 Bedroom Detached Duplex

Orchid lekki 4 bed 3 cars Mesmerizing, astutely built and impeccable 4 bedroom detached duplex for rent. Riveting Contemporary Facade Fabulous Finish Ample Parking Expansive Living Room with a Dining Area Fully Fitted Kitchen with a Pantry All Rooms Ensuite Family Lounge Area Huge Master Bedroom with a Shower Cubicle and Bath Tub Balcony Quality Wood Finish as well as other Fittings and Fixtures Rent: 9M Agency: 10 percent Legal: 10 percent Caution fee 5 percent

Orchid, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets 3 Parking
Grebes Properties
Luxury 4 Bedroom Fully Detached House with BQ — Orchid Road, Lekki, Lagos
12
₦400,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 4 Bedroom Fully Detached House with BQ

Luxury 4 bedroom fully detached house for sale. Amenities: - Fitted Kitchen with accessories - Modern Day pop Ceiling - Detailed finishing - Wardrobes - Luxury Finishing - Water heater - Heat extractor - Ample parking space - BQ - ⁠Cinema - Swimming pool Location: Lake View Estate,ORCHID road lekki lagos Price: N400m For additional details, inquiries, and physical inspections, Call our hotline 07088065449 You can send us a quick mail to: [email protected] Take Advantage Today!

Orchid Road, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets
Future Homes Properties and Investment LTD
4 Bedrooms Detached Duplex with BQ — Guzape Main, FCT Abuja Nigerian, Guzape District, Abuja
10
₦650,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

4 Bedrooms Detached Duplex with BQ

Strategic and a very nice and beautiful brand new house of 4 bedroom detached duplex with a room bq attached to it located at Guzape District FCT Abuja Nigerian. Pay and parking house with good finishing: - all room en-suite - kitchen cabinets - marble tiles with modern finishing - Security door all over the house - fence with gate - well designed flooring Clean environment with water and tarred roads all through with good security, good naibour hood, good views and well architecture when designing with big master bedroom and extra well built houses. Home with big sitting room and dining area.

Guzape Main, FCT Abuja Nigerian, Guzape District, Abuja
4 beds 5 baths 5 toilets 5 Parking
Hakeem Sanusi Adeshina (Keemcess Property)
Luxury Four Bedroom Detached Duplex — Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
1
₦175,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury Four Bedroom Detached Duplex

For sale ,at ogba-ikeja lagos Newly built to taste luxury 4Bedroom fully detached duplex with a room bq in a very lovely location with good proximity to the gates. Features: √Well built and spacious rooms all ensuite √Spacious kitchen & high-quality fittings √Storeroom √Self compound with Gate √Spacious living room √Good parking space for cars √Secured environment √Dining area √Visitors toilet √a room bq Title: Registered Conveyance Location:Secured Estate,Ogba- Ikeja, Lagos State Price: NN180m Asking

Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
4 beds 5 baths 5 toilets 6 Parking
Loyalty Homes Limited
Luxury 4 Bedroom Detached Duplex — Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
1
₦165,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Luxury 4 Bedroom Detached Duplex

For sale in a secured estate, at ogba-ikeja lagos states Well built to taste luxury 4 bedroom fully detached duplex, in a very lovely location with good proximity to the gates. Features: Well-built and spacious rooms all ensuite Spacious kitchen & high-quality fittings Heat Extractor Gas Cooker Bullet Proof Doors Storeroom Self-compound with Automated Gate Spacious living room Good parking space for 5cars Secured environment Dining area Visitors toilet Title: Certificate of Occupancy Location: Secured Estate, Ogba- Ikeja, Lagos State Price: N180m Asking

Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
4 beds 5 baths 5 toilets 7 Parking
Loyalty Homes Limited
Lovely 4 Bedrooms Fully Detached Duplex — Off College Road, Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
2
₦165,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Lovely 4 Bedrooms Fully Detached Duplex

Hot Sales Lovely 4 bedroom fully detached duplex in an estate. Well located and fully secured. Located at Off College Road Ogba Ikeja Lagos. Price: N180m asking Title:C of O

Off College Road, Ogba, Ikeja, Lagos
4 beds 5 baths 5 toilets 6 Parking
Loyalty Homes Limited
2 and 4 Bedroom Duplexes in a Estate — Behind Shoprite Mall, Lekki, Lagos
3
₦2,450,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

2 and 4 Bedroom Duplexes in a Estate

Brand New Estate in Lagos for sale. No individual units for sale. Great location!! Newly built and completed. Just behind shoprite mall and within 3 mins drive off Lekki Epe Express The estate has 28 units consisting 2 and 4 bedroom duplexes. The estate also has many amenities. This is a great investment for anyone looking to secure residential homes, a school, a hotel, an academy or a hospital. Price: N3.9B

Behind Shoprite Mall, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 4 toilets 10 Parking
Loyalty Homes Limited
Stand Alone Duplex with Modern Style and Features — Osapa, Lekki, Lagos
4
₦250,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Stand Alone Duplex with Modern Style and Features

A spectacular stand alone 4 bedroom contemporary style duplex + BQ + pool + gate house in a top notch serene estate at the end of a close in osapa Location- osapa, lekki Features: -pop spotlights -Massive Fully fitted kitchen -All rooms en-suite -Spacious bedrooms -Secure Estate -Stamped Concrete floor -Balcony -Water heaters -CCTV -Bq -Pool -Spacious Compound -pop ceiling -Dryland -Decorated wall features -Good road network -Treated Water Supply title: Survey & deed of assignment, building approval. Governors consent processing. Size : 340SQM Price: NGN250m

Osapa, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 4 toilets 5 Parking
Loyalty Homes Limited
A Beautiful 4 Bedroom Duplex with Mini Flats — High Castle Estate, Boys Town, Ipaja, Lagos
3
₦150,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

A Beautiful 4 Bedroom Duplex with Mini Flats

Up For Sale A beautiful 4bedroom duplex with Mini flat Located at High Castle Estate, P&T, Boystown, Ipaja Title:Deed of assignment and family receipt Survey Asking:150m

High Castle Estate, Boys Town, Ipaja, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 4 toilets 3 Parking
Loyalty Homes Limited
Big Fully Detached House — Oral Estate, Lekki, Lagos
14
₦180,000,000

Detached duplex for sale

Big Fully Detached House

New listing Here is a fully detached stand alone Duplex, it is not sharing a fence or roof with any unit and is within a very secured Estate on the Lekki side of Lagos. It comes with a BQ as well, a fully fitted kitchen space and en-suite rooms. ____________________________________ ; Governors Consent ________________________________ ️ Estimated Rental Value; 8,000,000 Naira per Annum ________________________________ Other Features Finely Equipped Kitchen Space Dedicated dining area En-suite rooms Family Lounge Large compound space Balcony Parking area Stamped concrete compound area Standby water treatment Plant Spacious Living rooms Secured Location.

Oral Estate, Lekki, Lagos
4 beds 4 baths 5 toilets 3 Parking
Laprenge Properties LTD

Showing 9,141–9,161 of 9,247 properties

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

The average price of 4 bedroom detached duplexes in Nigeria is ₦280,000,000.

The price of the most expensive 4 bedroom detached duplexes in Nigeria is ₦3,500,000,000.

The price of the cheapest 4 bedroom detached duplexes in Nigeria is ₦13,000,000.

There are 9,247 available 4 bedroom detached duplexes in Nigeria. You can view and filter the list of property by price, furnishing and recency.